The Development Of The Cold War Flashcards
When was the Truman Doctrine annonced
March 1947
When was the Marshall Aid Plan announced?
June 1947
What was Truman told about the ability of the USSR’s army?
They were unable to fight a sucessful war due to WW2 devestating them
Why were many country’s drawn to communism?
Due to WW2 many homes, factories, roads, railways were destroyed this made communism look attractive to a lot of people
What did the British government announce in 1947?
They would no longer provide military support to the Greek government
How was the Truman doctrine announced?
When?
12 March 1947 Truman delivered a speach to congress saying that the USA would use force to contain communism
Give an example of the Truman Doctrine in place?
The US sent military personel to Greece ans Turkey
Who was Greece occupied by in WW2
Germany
What happened to Greece after WW2 ended?
The communist group and pro-loyalist group fought and this forced the UK to restore the monarchy.
In 1949 the communists were deffeted and they fled to Albania
What was the Marshall Aid Plan?
Created by the secetary of state George Marshall
this gave the government power to give economic aid to war torn countrys from WW2 who were fighting communism
What was the US political polity before WW2 and after?
Before: Isolationism
After: Containment
When did the US end it’s isolationism?
After the pearl harbor attacks of 7th December 1941
After the war ended in 1945 many people wanted the US to return to the period of isolationism
Give a reason why the US had used isolationism
The decleration of independence said that they would stay out of forign affairs
Why was the US in a good position to provide economic aid to Europe?
US infunstructure and business hadn’t been destroyed in the same way as European countrys
How much money was given to the UK?
$3,297 million
How much money was given to France
$2,296 million
How much money was given to West Germany
$1,448 million
How much money was given to Italy?
$1,204 million
How much money was given to the Netherlands?
$1,128 million
How much money was given to Belgium and Luxembourg?
$777 million
How much money was given to Austria?
$468 million
How much money was given to Denmark?
$385 million
How much money was given to Greece
$376 million
How much money was given to “Other nations”
$1,352 million
How much money did the Marshall plan give?
Between 1948-1952 it gave $12.7 billion in addition of $13 billion already given
What did the british foreign secetary call the Marshall plan?
“A lifeline to sinking men, giving hope where there was none”
Ernest Bevin
Who was the british foregon secretary in 1952
Ernest Bevin
Why didn’t Eastern European country’s benifit from the Marshall plan?
Stalin would never accept the aid
The Truman Doctrine said that they would prevent the spread of communism. This didn:t include countrys that were already communist.
How did the Marshall plan help groups of people?
Norwegian fishermen
It granted mules for Greek farmers
Gave food for starving people
Which future politition was helped by the Marshall plan?
Helmut Kohl was given soup paid for by the Marshall plan. He grew up to become the first chanceller of a reunited Germany
What was doller imperialism?
The belief by the Soviet Union that the USA was splitting Europe into 2 divided ecomomic sections
How did the Soviet Union view the Marshall plan?
Doller Imperialism
A way that the Americans were extending there controll in Europe
A way which the USA was undermining the United Nations by sugesting that it was there job to protect the world
What effects did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan have on International relations?
The belief of the grand allience was gone (if anyone still belived in it)
The USA was shown to be in direct opposition to the Soviet Union
Stalin was more suspisios of the west and his fears that they wanted communism gone were reinforced
Comecon was set up
The Marshall plan tied Western European countrys to USA’s side
When was cominform set up?
September 1947
Who set up cominform?
It was set up on Stalins orders
How many members did cominform have on the 22nd of September 1947?
9
Including communist partus from France, Italy and Yugoslavia
Where were the HQ of Cominform set up?
Why?
Belgrade because Tito was a big supporter of it
However in 1948 GROWING TENTIONS between the USSR and Yugoslavia caused the latter to be KICKED OUT of the party in JUNE and the HQ was moved to BUCHAREST in Romania
How did Cominform benefit Stalin?
He was able to directly controll satallite states
He could encourage members to only trade with each other.
He could spread anti american propoganda. He accused the Americans as being no better than the Nazis
When waa Comecon set up?
25th January 1949
What was Comecon?
A rival economic aid scheem with the Marshall plan which aimed to support economic growth in the sattalite states so that people would like communism.
What were comecons first main activities?
Organising trade between the members
What did the USSR use Comecon for?
When?
After 1953 the USSR used Comecon to organise industrial planning across the members of comecon
Trade with the West was still discouraged
How were comecon members developing?
Each member had a 5 year plan to industrilise
How had Bulgarias trade with other comecon members increased/decreased?
In the 1930 about 10% of Bulgaria’s trade was with the “satallite states” (although they wern’t satallite states yet)
This increased to 90% in 1951
What were the effects of the creation of cominform and comecon?
Increased tentions
Lead to the creation of NATO
How did tentions effect how long the superpowers stayed in Germany
At potsdam the division of Germnay was suppost to be tempoary however this ended up lasting for many years.
What was it like to live in Gemany?
There were soilders on the streets and checkpoints between militray zones even in Berlin
How did Germany transform from 1945-1948
In 1945 there were 4 different zones (spliting Germany and Belin) controlled by: USSR, USA, UK and France.
In 1948 the USA, UK and French zones in Germany and Berlin joined together into Trizonia
What did the USA, UK and France call there bit of Germany/Berlin?
Trizonia
What did the Soviets want from Germany?
To take as mich material from it to help rebuild the Soviet Union
What did the Western countrys want from Germnay?
To rebuild the economy of Germany to avoid another war as The Treaty of Versailles showed that a demolished Germany would lead to another war.
What happened in talks about Germany?
In December 1947 the Soviet foreign minister stormed out. Leading to worsened relations
What did the USA and UK do with there German zones at first?
Joined them into Bizonia in 1947
Latter the french joined to form Trizonia by 1948
What did Trizonia do to annoy the Soviet Union.
When?
Where?
They created a currancy (the Deutshmark). This gave Trizonia economic unity
June 1948
It happened in a ACC meeting
Why did the Soviets oppose the Deutschmark?
It created a seperat economic unit from the east
It showed that there were 2 different Germnays when each side pretended that there was only one (the one which they controlled)
What were Stalin’s belifes about Germany?
It should be a single state under communism rule
What were the effects of the seperation of Germany?
Further increased tentions
The Berlin airlift
What was the Berlin Airlift also known as?
Opperation Vittles
How many routes were there between Trizonia and Berlin?
2 land routes
2 air routes
When did Stalin shut off the land routes between Trizonia and Berlin
June 1948. This became known as the Berlin blockade
What was the Soviets aims with the Berlin Blockade?
He wanted to show the west that a divided Germany wouldn’t work
Winning a huge propaganda victory …
He wanted to get the west to give up West Berlin which he could make communist
Why would the Berlin Blockade be effective?
There was no practical way to transport food and suplies into West Berlin so the inhabitance would starve
Trizonia couldn’t communicate with West Berlin
Why were the west always going to get involved in Berlin?
Stalin knew Truman wouldn’t ignore the blockade due to his speach about stopping communism
What opptions did the allies have to deal with the Berlin Blockade?
Fly the supplies in
Force there way through the blockade
What are the problems with forcing their way through the blockade?
It could be seen as an act of war and would make the west look like the agressers.
Also no one wanted war because of the new bombs
What were the advantages of flying to West Berlin?
It would be a big propaganda victory for the west
If Stalin shot down the planes he would look like the agressor
It would supply West Berlin
It would show the USA, UK and France’s power
It would show Captalism as powerful
What are the disadvantages of flying supplies in?
Stalin could shoot down the plane
Give examples of what the west flew in?
Coal, food and other necesities
Where was a new runway built?
Berlin-Tempelhof
Where was a new airport built?
Berlin-Tegel
How did the citizens of West Berlin support the airlift?
The citizens and soilders helped build a new runway at the old airport - Berlin-Tempelhof. And by building a whole new airport at Berlin-Tegel.
They helped unload the the plans and distribute them to their fellow citizens
Why did the Germans dislike the Soviet Union?
At the end of WW2 they commited a bunch of atrocities in revenge for what the Nazis had done
On avarage how much supplies were the americans able to fly in each day?
1,000 tones
How much supplies was flown in it January 1949?
About 170,000 tones
What were the effetcs of the Berlin Blockade?
Lead to the formation of West and East Germany
May have lead more nations to join NATO
What was West Germany’s offical name?
The federal republic of Germany
When did the Berlin Blockade end?
20 May 1949
When was the Federal Republic of Germany formed?
3 days after the end of the Berlin Blockade.
23rd May 1949
What happened on the 14th August 1949
Germans were alloud to elect there own government called the Bundestag
What was the new West German government called?
The Bundestag
When were the Germans alloud to elect their own parliment
14th August 1949
What happened on the 15th September?
Konrad Adenauer (the first democraticly elected chanceller of West Germany was ellected)
When was the first chancellor of West Germany elected?
15th Spetember 1949
What was the capital of West Germany?
Bonn
What was East Germany called?
The German Democrat Republic
When was the German Democratic Republic created?
Who recognised it?
October 1949 in response to the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany
Only the other communist countrys recognised it
When did the Federal Republic recognise the German Democratic Republic?
In the 1970’s
When was NATO made?
April 1949
What lead to the creation of NATO?
Stalins threats to Berlin
The communist takeover in Czechoslovakia
They wanted to send a firm message to Stalin about there determination to stand firm against communsim
The Truman Doctrine didn’t ensure that the US would send troops to deffend Europe but this did
What does NATO stand for?
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Who were the original members of NATO?
USA, UK, France and 9 others
What military decision did NATO members commit to?
If onenation was attacked they would all come to it’s assistance
Who was the British foreign secretary in 1949?
Ernest Bevin
What did the British foreign secretary say to otherEuropean countrys?
They should welcome the USA
What was the impacts of NATO?
Lead to the creation of the Warsaw Pact
Lead to the US having a military presence in Europe even now
Worsened relations
When was the Warsaw Pact created?
1955
After West Germany was alloud to join NATO in May 1955
It happened within a week
What did the countrys in the Warsaw Pact become known as?
The Eastern bloc
Who controlled the Warsaw Pact?
Enteriallty controlled by the USSR
Give a name of a russian spy in the Manhatten program?
Claus Fucks
How far could the ICBM shoot?
4,500km
When did the Spunknit satalite go into space?
October 1957
What happened to the Spuntnik satalite?
After 3 weeks it’s batteries died so it couldn’t be communicated to and stayed in orbit for 2 months
What was the largest bomb ever created?
Tsar Bomba (50MT)
