The Development of Evolutionary Thinking Flashcards
When was the concept of evolution established?
before the 1800s
knowledge of genetics pre-darwin: stable varieties…
nearly always breed true
knowledge of genetics pre-darwin: hybrids can be identical…
to one parent, or a combination. hybrid x hybrid yields great variation. hybrids do not breed true
knowledge of genetics pre-darwin: sometimes mutations are seen in…
stable varieties
knowledge of genetics pre-darwin… mutated animals can be bred with normals to produce….?
stable varieties
Who published Systema Naturae, and in what year was the first edition published?
Linnaeus,
1735
Describe the classification within Systema Naturae
systems, classes, orders, species, genera and kingdoms
Who believed that evolution followed natural laws, and that humans and apes were related?
Comte de Buffon
Who wrote The Histoire Naturelle, and in what year?
Comte de Buffon, 1749
Who believed that evolution leads to increasing complexity?
Lamarck
Which book by Lamarck described evolution, and in what year was it published?
Philosophie zoologique, 1809
Which evolutionary thinker’s work focused on fossils, and demonstrated that animals can go extinct?
Cuvier (1817)
What inspired Darwin’s Theory of evolution?
Hutton’s unconformity
who was Robert FitzRoy?
captain of the HMS Beagle
According to Ussher’s chronology, when was the Earth created?
4004 BC
Describe the trip of the HMS Beagle?
1831 to 1836
focused on South Africa
Who identified differences in beak size in Galapagus finches?
Gould
Malay archipelago was written by ….
Alfred Russel Wallace (1869)
Brachiopods from the Falkland Islands displayed what, and were discovered by whom…
organisation
Darwin
Where was the Wallace Line?
between South East Asia and Australasia
Sarawak Law
Geological changes are tied with location of animals and plants
Animals in same geographical location display similarities
Changes occur with distance
How long did Darwin spend on the Galapagos islands?
19 days
Alfred Russel Wallace
1823- 1913
Wallace collected samples from…
South America/Malay archipelago
Malay Archipelago
south east asia and australia
animals towards Australasia of Wallace line:
marsupials
describe lydekker’s line
easternmost boundary of Wallace’s line
the area between Wallace line and lydekker line:
transition zone (mixture of fauna and flora
Who wrote the Sarwack Law: gradual geological changes associated with animal and plant distrubution
Wallace
On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type
Wallace, 1858
Ternate
Which paper did Darwin receive from Wallace?
On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type
On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection” presented by whom?
1858
Darwin and Wallace
How long was Darwin alleged to have kept the paper by Wallace?
14 days
if Darwin did not deceive Wallace, when would his letter have arrived?
18th June
Who did Darwin and Wallace present to?
the Linnean Society
what year did the beagle set sail?
1831
Matthew Patrick believed that
nurseries allow weaker trees to mature, unlike in nature
FitzRoy’s was conscious about timber as ship building material and therefore
may have discussed with Darwin information from the Gardener’s Chronicle
FitzRoy’s was conscious about timber as ship building material and therefore
may have discussed with Darwin information from the Gardener’s Chronicle
how long was the voyage?
5 years
The evidence behind evolution:
- ordered fossils recorded
- homologous limb morphology
- similar early embryos
- vestigial organs
fossil record organisation:
simple organisms at the bottom of fossil layers
limb plan of mammals
5 digits
homologous limb morphology
jaw bones resemble fish gills
limb plan similar to that of fish
vestigial organs
dolphins lose limb buds in embryogenesis
bone derived from leg in snakes forms part of sex organ
Genomic Evidence may resemble tree of life
support of evolution
humans may have evolved from
lungfish
Genomic Evidence:
Neanderthal DNA in modern humans
how much DNA do Europeans share with Neanderthals?
1.5 to 2.1%
key principles of evolution
competition
variation
adaptation
Denial of Evolution
turkey
nearly half in USA
state of Tennesse vs john thomas scopes
monkey trial
evolution became legal to teach
where is evolution not taught?
Oklahoma
when was the theory of natural selection first presented?
Wallace and Darwin Linnean Society in 1858
