Comparative Cognition

Question 1

indicators of developed cognition

Answer 1

use of tools

Question 2

cogniton of birds resembles that of

Answer 2

primates

Question 3

cogniton of birds resembles that of

Answer 3

primates

Question 4

first use of tools by humans

Answer 4

Palaeothlic

Question 5

Which humans understood how to utulise platform depth and exterior platform angle?

Answer 5

H heidelbergensis, H eretctus, neanderthals

Question 6

Lower Palaeothlic tools

Answer 6

Chopper stones
flakes

Question 7

What happened to tools as the paleothic age progressed?

Answer 7

tools became sharper

Question 8

the correlation of technological innervation with what characteristic is poorly understood?

Answer 8

Brain size

Question 9

the correlation of technological innervation with what characteristic is poorly understood?

Answer 9

Brain size

Question 10

what aspect of the cortex is thought to contribute to cognition?

Answer 10

gyri

Question 11

why are human brains not as expected?

Answer 11

larger than apes, neocortex larger than expected, more white matter

Question 12

Encephalization quotient

Answer 12

ratio between observed and predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size

Question 13

human cognitive ability may be explained by

Answer 13

relative size of cortical areas: increased relative size of neocortex. more neurons

Question 14

how do primates and rodents differ in brain structure?

Answer 14

primates alwaysc oncentrate larger numbers of neurons in the brain than rodents of a similar, or even larger,brain size, especially in the cerebral cortex

Question 15

evolution of tools hows what progression?

Answer 15

refined sharpening

Question 16

when did length of flint edge increase relative to its size

Answer 16

pleistocene

Question 17

flint thickness at its origin:

Answer 17

platform depth

Question 18

exterior platoform angle:

Answer 18

angle between the surface being hit and the surface of stone core being used to make the flake

Question 19

how can flakes be made with sharper edges?

Answer 19

increasing the exterior platform angle

Question 20

where can middle stone age tools be found?

Answer 20

Jebel Irhoud

Question 21

When did H. habilis and H. erectus make early Pleistocene stone flakes?

Answer 21

1 million years ago

Question 22

describe the flakes made by H. habilis and H. erectus

Answer 22

short working edge

Question 23

how were H.erectus, followed by H.heidelbergensis and then Neanderthals able to make tools shaper?

Answer 23

understood how to manipulate exterior platform angle and platform depth

Question 24

How long ago was lower paleolitihic?

Answer 24

2 to 1.3 million years ago

Question 25

When was the middle paleolithic?

Answer 25

1.2 mil to 40 thousand years ago

Question 26

How long ago was the upper paleolithic?

Answer 26

40 thousand to 8 thousand years ago

Question 26

How long ago was the upper paleolithic?

Answer 26

40 thousand to 8 thousand years ago

Question 27

what was the trend in tool size through the paleothilic?

Answer 27

increasing tool sharpness

Question 28

lower palaeolithic tools:

Answer 28

chopper cores flakes for cutting and scraping (33mm)

Question 29

Describe tools in the middle palaeolitihic:

Answer 29

ranging in size: 5 to 9 inches long and

Question 30

Acheulean flakes and hand axe tracked back to when?

Answer 30

middle palaeolithic

Question 31

length of tools in upper palaeolithic:

Answer 31

long facets to attach to spear (siberia)

Question 32

when were handpaintings and crafted figurines dated back to?

Answer 32

Upper palaeolithic

Question 33

which brain regions in modern humans are larger than expected?

Answer 33

cerebellum and neocortex

Question 34

how has skull morphology changes throughout human development

Answer 34

flattening of the face, perhaps due to a large neocortex

Question 35

human encephalization factor

Answer 35

0.7

Question 36

brain simalrities across mammals

Answer 36

primary somatosensory visual auditiory cortical areas

Question 37

how do human brains differ to that of other mammals?

Answer 37

cortical areas have different relative sizes and locations

Question 38

the spare capacity hypothesis explains what?

Answer 38

enhanced human cognitive abilities

Question 39

how many neurons are in the cortex?

Answer 39

16 billion

Question 40

is brain size a reliable indicator of neuron number?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

why dont larger bodied primates have larger brains?

Answer 41

energy to sustain more neurons too great

Question 42

whar event correlated with the emergence of Homo erectus/H. ergaster?

Answer 42

use of fire

Question 43

why increased food processing efficieny required?

Answer 43

time spent eating to comepnsate for energy use above that of viability curve (8hrs)

Question 44

when did H.erectus emerge?

Answer 44

1.7 million years ago

Question 45

use of fire

Answer 45

790,000 years ago (or perhaps 1.7 million years ago)

Question 46

Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel hominins

Answer 46

habitual fire use

Question 47

expensive tissue hypothesis

Answer 47

in order for brain to evolve in size, energy requirements of other tissues must be reduced

Question 48

how does cooking relate to expensive hypothesis?

Answer 48

Cooking food meant that small jaws, teeth and gut required

Question 49

Evidence for cooking is inferred from...

Answer 49

hearths that containanimal remains showing signsof being heat treated

Question 50

antibacterial herbs

Answer 50

onion oregano sage parsley corrinader fennel basil