The decline and re-strengthening of the ANC Flashcards
Following the Soweto Uprising what was believed about the influence of traditional leaders opposed to apartheid?
What was the ANC doing during this period?
-It was believed that their influence was becoming irrelevant.
-However, the AND was reorganising itself and preparing for a new phase of struggle.
When did the ANC decline in importance?
What happened to its former leaders? Organisation itself?
How did those arrested from the uprising treat people like Mandela once in prison?
How were they perceived?
What policies were distrusted by this period?
How were whites seen?
-On the surface the ANC declined in importance in the 1970s.
-Its former leaders were still in prison, and the organisation itself in exile.
-Mnay of those arrested after the Soweto Uprising in 1976 treated people like Mandela with some degree of contempt when they met them in prison.
-They seemed relices of a previous age to those who had taken the initiative in protests in the absence of the ANC and PAC and more willing to deploy violence.
-Many distrusted the integrationist policies and were more prepared to see all whites as enemies.
When was the last time the ANC had been in a military campaign?
What were Mandela and his colleagues eventually able to do with the younger generation imprisoned?
-The ANC had not been involved in a military camapign since the unsuccessful Wankie uprising 1967.
-Mandela and his colleagues were eventually able to win over amny of those new prisoners and indeed recruited them into the ANC.
Under leadership of Tambo what was the ANC planning to do?
What key activities were the focus for the ANC abroad?
What internal issues were they faced with regarding morality?
-Under Tambo the ANC were planning for a new phase of struggle.
-The key activities were;
-To oversee the growing number of exiles.
-To co-ordinate the activities of the MK.
-To raise funds
-To set up ANC offices throughout the world.
-While the ANC maintained a growing number of military camps, it faced mutinies on at least two occassions when recruits grew angry about the lack of activities.
Where did the ANC have its headquarters? What was this used for?
Where did it maintain military bases in order to launch raids into SA?
-The ANC had headquarters in London where its strategies for gaining international support were mainly co-ordinated.
-It maintained forward bases in friendly African countries from whence it could launch raids into SA.
What year did ANC leaders visit Vietnam?
What did they study whilst there?
How did this change their military tactics?
How did the ANC view its role in SA?
What did the ANC need to make itself the clear leader for the opposition against apartheid?
-In 1978 ANC leaders visited Vietnam to study what it saw as its victory over the USA and success in uniting the country.
-As a result it changed their tactics from attacks in rural areas to guerrilla warfare in urban areas, which it felt would carry more publicity.
-It saw its role as both military in terms of armed attacks and political in building up a mass organisation.
-To do this it needed to win international legitimacy, to be seen not as a terroist group but effectively a government in exile.
What is the OAU? When was it set up?
What did its liberation commity set up for the ANC?
Despite this why were African regimes still at odds with the ANC? Who did they trade with?
What was Zambia reliant on?(Copper?)
What did SA place pressure on African regimes to do?
-The Organisation of African Unity set up in 1963 to encourage newly independent African states to co-operate together.
-Its liberation Committee set up camps for ANC recruits and provided military training and equipment.
-Despite this African regimes were not strong enough to give more substantial support to the ANC; Most traded with South Africa.
-Zambia was reliant on SA for railways and ports to export copper which comprised 95% of their income.
-SA also placed pressure on regimets to expel the ANC, I.e. Tanzania in 1969.
Why was Tambo’s support from the Western world restricted?
Which close ties did the ANC have which exacerbated this?
How did right wing observers in Britain and the USA regard the ANC?
What did this limit?
-Tambo’s support was disadvantaged by being seen by many as pro-communist, particularly within the context of the Cold War, and having support from communist regimes.
-This was exacerbated by their close ties with the ANC.
-Right wing observers in the USA and Britain regarded the ANC as a terroist organisation.
-This limited their overall support internationally.
