International condemnation and calls for economic sanctions Flashcards
Were the calls for economic sanctions against SA widespread?
What did the AAM in Britain originally focus on?
What did it call for in 1960?
What was held in Britain 1964 regarding sanctions?
What did the UN set up in 1962?
Did everyone in the UN participate?
Who used the power of Veto to prevent sanctions becoming mandatory?
What did the UN call for in 1960 that was not mandatory?
-YES.
-The AAM movement in Britain originally focused on economic boycotts.
-The AAM called for a month-long boycott of SA goods in 1960.
-In 1964 an international committee on sanctions was held in Britain.
-The UN passed resolution 1761 in 1962 setting up a special committee against apartheid calling for economic sanctions.
-However, many western countries refused to join this committee.
-Members of the Security Council, Britain, France and the USA had the power of veto, which they used to prevent senctions becoming mandatory.
-I.e. the UN had called for an oil embargo against SA in 1960 but this was not mandatory.
What global struggle did Western countries see SA as a useful ally against?
Who did foreign leaders argue would suffer the most from sanctions against SA?
What did foreign leaders also argue could happen if SA remained in the international community rather than experience further isolation?
-A strong ally against communism.
-Foreign leaders argued that black Africans would suffer the most from economic sanctions.
-Foreign leaders also argued that if SA remained in the international community it would be more susceptible to reform.
What was the only area where sanctions were made mandatory by the UN?
When did the UN first call a voluntary arms embargo? When did this become mandatory?
What year did the Commonwealth Conference make a resolution gainst arms sales?
What deal made by Britain was abandoned due to this?
-The sale of arms.
-The UN called for a voluntary arms Embargo early as 1963.
-This did not become mandatory until 1977 with Resolution 418 after the widespread condemnation of the Soweto Uprising.
-1971 Commonwealth Conference saw a resolution against arm sales and a projected deal by which Britian would supply helicopters and frigates was abandoned.
Which decade did economic sanctions in SA begin to have an impact?
What did economic sanctions add to however until this period?
Why did economic sanctions have little impact? (3) (Israel?) (Neighbours?) (Foriegn companies?)
-Until the mid-1980s economic sanctions only had a limited impact on SA.
-Although they did add to the sense of hostility and isolation.
-Western businesses held franchises across SA.
-Countries neighbouring needed to maintain trade links.
-Other countries who wished to continue trading notably Israel could always get around sanctions.
What allowed significant opposition to apartheid to grow in the USA during the 1980s?
Following Congress’s overriding of Reagan’s veto over sanctions what did US companies do? How much in 1986? 87?
US banks?
What did Chase Manhattan do in 1987?
What did this opposition cause?
What did a 1989 report estimate about the reduced potential growth rate in SA due to sanctions?(Jobs?)
-Significant opposition to Apartheid grew in the USA as the fear from the USSR and communism diminished.
-US companies withdrew investment.
-50 in 1986 & 40 in 1987.
-US banks such as Chase Manhattan began to refuse to renew loans.
-Chae Manhattan refused $10 million of short-term loans maturing in 1987..
-This created a severe financial crisis which led in part ot SA gov’t beginning negotiations to end apartheid.
-1989 report estimated that overalll economic sanctions had reduced the potential growth rate in SA by 10% and cost 50,000 jobs.
When did cultural and sporting boycotts begin? (Olympics?)
Who passed the Gleneagles Agreement?
What was it?
Why did New Zealand face criticism in 1981?
Where was Mandela’s 70th birthday celebrated? When?
How many countries was this seen in?
How many people watched?
-These begun in the 1960s with SA being suspended from the Olympic games in 1964 and formally excluded in 1970.
-The commonwealth passed the Gleneagles Agreement in 1977 which forbade members to compete against SA.
-New Zealand faced considerable criticism when they invited a SA team to tour in 1981.
-The concert to celebrate Mandela’s birthday was in 1988 at Wembley.
-This was broadcasted in 67 countries and seen by an estimated 600 million people.
