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History X > The Cold War 45 - 91 > Flashcards

The Cold War 45 - 91 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a Cold War?

A

Rival ideologies. Arms race, space race, propaganda war & indirect fighting.

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2
Q

3 early signs of tension between USA & USSR?

A

Russia wasn’t invited to 1919 Paris Peace Settlement
1933 USA recognised Communist regime as Russia’s govt.
Stalin claimed Allies delayed D-Day until June to see if USSR & Germany wore each other out.

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3
Q

When was the Yalta Agreement?
Who was involved?
What was agreed?

A

February 1945
Roosevelt, Stalin + Churchill
Germany & Berlin divided, reparations, UN + E-Bloc with free govt.

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4
Q

When was the Potsdam Agreement?
Who was involved?
What was agreed?

A

July 1945
Truman, Stalin & Churchill/Attlee
Germany divided, zone reparations, Austria divided.

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5
Q

What were Truman & Stalin afraid of at Potsdam agreement?

A

Germany stripped of resources by USSR & puppet govts set up under Soviet control
Stalin alarmed US developed Atomic bomb + didn’t share

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6
Q

When was the E.Bloc created? (X to y)

How was it created?

A

1945-1947

Key govt Communist positions, economic reforms, rigged elections

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7
Q

When & where was the Iron Curtain speech?

A

Fulton. March, 1946

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8
Q

When was the USA ready to stop the spread of Communism?
What was the Truman Doctrine?
What country did they support?

A

1947.
Policy of Communist containment, stop spread.
Greece

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9
Q

What was the Marshall Plan?

Official name?

A

Financial aid package to stop communist spread.
European Recovery Programme (ERP)
13 billion, 4 years, 16 countries.

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10
Q

What were the Russians versions of Marshall Plan?

A

Cominform & Comecon

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11
Q 
When was the Berlin Blockade?
What happened?
Why did Stalin do it?
What was the Berlin Airlift?
When did it end?
A

24 June 1948
Closed all road, rail & canal links with West Berlin
Worried about recovery of Germany
13k tons of supplies to Berlin for almost a year.
12 May 1949

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12
Q

When was the UN set up? Also called?
How many permanent members?
How many members total?

A

October 1945. The Security Council
5 members
15 members

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13
Q

What was the Russian version of NATO?
When was it set up?
What was NATO?

A

The Warsaw Pact
1955
Military alliance for West as defence against Communism

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14
Q

Who led the KMT? Who supported the KMT?
Who led the Chinese Communists? Who won in 1949?
What was China called?
Where did the KMT go?

A

Chiang Kai-Shek. USA.
Mao Zedong. Chinese Communists.
The People’s Republic of China.
They fled to Taiwan.

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15
Q

When was the treaty of Friendship set up?
Who was it between?
What did it mean?

A

1950
China & USSR
USSR supported China economically, technologically and militarily

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16
Q

When did the USSR explode their first A bomb?

What happened at the UN in response to no Chinese communist seat?

A

1949

Staged a walkout & boycotted the UN

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17
Q

What was the domino theory?

A

If one country becomes Communist, other neighbouring countries are likely to fall to Communism

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18
Q

What was the border between North and South Korea called?
When was it created?
What were the governments and leaders in North and South Korea?

A

The 38th parallel
1945 when Korea was liberated from Japanese by North - Soviet and South - American
North - Communist, Kim Il Sung
South - Capitalist dictatorship, Syngman Rhee

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19
Q

Why did Kim invade South Korea?

Who did the USA blame?

A

Believed Rhee was unpopular & South Koreans would welcome North Koreans.
Stalin

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20
Q 
What happened on 25 June 1950?
What happened on 15 September 1950?
What happened in November 1950?
What happened in Middle of 1951?
What happened in June 1951?
What happened in July 1953?
A

North Korea invaded South Korea
UN landed an Inchon & push NK back to Yalu River
Chinese volunteers invade NK & push UN forces back
Both sides dug in & took to skies (USSR used Chinese planes)
Peace talks began
USSR & USA changed leadership. Ceasefire at Panmunjom.

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21
Q 
How did the USA get support for Korean fighting?
Who was General MacArthur?
What was his aim for the war?
What was Truman's aim?
Why & when did Truman sack him?
Who were the new leaders?
A

USSR couldn’t use veto because it was boycotting UN.
American General who led UN force against NK.
Destroy Chinese Communism & possibly use A bomb
Contain Communism
April 1951. Criticised his views, wanted to use confrontation
Khrushchev & Eisenhower

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22
Q

Why did China agree to ceasefire?

A

USA threatened to use Atomic Bomb otherwise

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23
Q

What were the positive results of the Korean War? (3)

A

Communism didn’t spread to South Korea
USA made peace treaty with Japan
USA made agreements with Phillippines, Australia & NZ as protection

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24
Q

What were the negative results of the Korean War? (4)

A

2 million dead & border almost same
North & South Korean relationship was bitter
USA & Chinese relationship deteriorated further
NATO became military alliance (tension)

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25
Q

When did Stalin die?
Who was his successor?
Who replaced Truman?

A

1953.
Khrushchev
Eisenhower

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26
Q

When did Kruschev make his famous speech?

What was the content of the speech?

A

1956
Criticised Stalin. Belief that Communism + Capitalism could live together (peaceful coexistence) USSR wouldn’t abandon Communism

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27
Q

What did Kruschev do differently? (5)

A 
Met Western leaders in Geneva
Speech on peaceful coexistence
Apologised to Yugoslavia for Stalin
Destalinisation
Dissolution of Cominform
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28
Q

What happened in Poland in July 1956?

A

Revolt against harsh living and working conditions.
Soviet tanks crushed opposition. Stayed within Warsaw Pact.
Kruschev appointed moderate Communist, Wladyslaw Gromulka + introduced reforms

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29
Q

When was the Hungarian uprising?

Why did it happen?

A

October 1956

Religion oppressed, economy ruined and freedoms crushed

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30
Q

What happened on 23 October 1956?
What happened on 26 October 1956?
What happened on 1 November 1956?

A

Students demanded reforms
Imre Nagy, moderate Communist, appointed
Nagy announced free multi party elections and withdrawal from Warsaw Pact

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31
Q

What happened on 4 November 1956?

A

6000 tanks crossed Hungarian border. 30,000 dead. Nagy fled to Yugoslav embassy but was arrested and executed.
Replaced by hardline Janos Kadar
Some reforms introduced

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32
Q

Why wouldn’t the USSR allow Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact?

A

Created gap in armour of iron curtain which would leave it exposed to attack
Other countries may also then leave

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33
Q

Why didn’t the USA & UN help Hungary in 1956?

A

Preoccupied with Suez crisis
US presidential election campaign
Too dangerous

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34
Q

Why did Stalin create the Berlin Blockade?

A

Force west to abandon Germany and prevent attack

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35
Q

Why did Stalin end the Berlin Blockade?

A

Focus on improving USSR economy, unable to beat airlift, intimidated by US planes which could carry A bombs.

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36
Q

Arms Race:
What was developed in 1957?
What happened in 1961?

A

USSR developed ICBM - Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

Soviet Yuri Gagarin first man in space

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37
Q

Attempts at Detente.

  • 1959?
  • 1960?
A

Khrushchev first Soviet leader to visit USA

2 leaders met at Paris Peace Summit. U2 spy plane incident ruined this

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38
Q

When was the Berlin Wall constructed?

A

August 1961

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39
Q

Why did Khrushchev dislike West Berlin?

A

Their living standard was higher and educated young men from East moved there. Also centre of spy work.

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40
Q

Why did USA & JFK look week when Berlin wall built?

Why did USSR look weak when Berlin wall built?

A

Couldn’t risk direct conflict with USSR so couldn’t stop wall or help East Berliners
Had to build wall to keep East Berliners inside (Capitalism more popular ideology)

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41
Q

What happened in Cuba in 1959?

A

Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batista.

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42
Q

How did Castro annoy USA?

A

Began to Nationalise industries + trade declined.

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43
Q

Why did USSR + Cuba relations improve by 1961?

A

Cuba became Communist. Main trading partners (oil + sugar for machinery)

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44
Q

When and What was the Bay of Pigs Incident?

A

April 1961
JFK + CIA with anti-Castro Cuban exiles organised it. Tried to kill Castro. Over estimated Cuban support due to bad intelligence. JFK inexperienced + Castro hero

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45
Q

When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

October 1962

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46
Q

What happened in August 1962?

A

Equipment arrived in Cuba to set up nuclear missile bases.

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47
Q

What happened on 14 October 1962?

A

USA found evidence of Cuban missiles.

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48
Q

What was EXCOMM?

What were their solutions for the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

Committee of National Security Council

- Invade Cuba, Naval Blockade Cuba, Air Attack on Bases, Nuclear Attack on Cuba, Allow bases to be erected

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49
Q

What happened on 22 October 1962?

A

USSR condemned USA’s actions as piracy + said it was helping Cuban defence.

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50
Q

What happened on 24 October 1962?

A

US Naval Blockade began. Soviet ships stopped or turned away. Invasion plans drawn up. U2 planes show bases nearing completion.

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51
Q

What happened on 26 October 1962?

A

U2 plane shot down over Cub. Kennedy got telegram from Khrushchev - Missiles removed if naval blockade ended and not invaded.

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52
Q

What happened on 27 October 1962?

A

2nd telegram from Khrushchev - Cuban missiles removed if Turkish missiles removed. Kennedy agreed to first telegram. U2 spy plane shot in Soviet airspace.

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53
Q

What happened on 28 October 1962?

A

Khrushchev agreed to Kennedy’s offer. Missile removal began.

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54
Q

How was JFK’s reputation?
How was Khrushchev’s reputation?
How was Castro’s reputation?

A

Stronger. Public didn’t know Turkish missiles removed.
Stronger - Communism protected. Weaker - Turkish missile removal secret deal
Stronger - Stayed leader.

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55
Q

Aftermath of Cuban Missile Crisis?

2

A 
Communication improved (direct phone line between Washington + Moscow)
Talks to reduce nuclear weapons (Partial Test Ban Treaty signed in 1963.
56
Q

What did the West decide in June 1948?

A

United 3 Western Zones

57
Q

Who was ruler of Vietnam before WW2?
Who was ruler during WW2?
What happened after WW2?

A

France
Japan
Independence. France wanted control back.

58
Q

Who defeated France during WW2?
Who defeated Japan after WW2?
Who was the leader of the Vietminh?

A

Japan
Vietminh
Ho Chi Minh

59
Q

What were the USA’s views on Vietnam?

A

Initially unsupportive of France regaining control.

By 1950 felt it was preventing spread if Communism and a Communist power bloc around China.

60
Q

When and where were the French defeated by the Vietminh?

A
  1. Dien Bien Phu.
61
Q

What happened in 1955 in Vietnam?

A

Armistice. Vietnam divided along 17th parallel of latitude. (similar to Korea)
Elections to reunite Vietnam but never happened.

62
Q

What did Eisenhower do in relation to Vietnam?

What did JFK do in relation to Vietnam?

A

Help South Vietnam government with money, weapons and military advisers.
Increased aid until assassination in 1963.

63
Q

What was Vietcong?
What attack method did they use?
Who was supportive of them?

A

National Liberation Front set up by SV in 1960 to regain Communist government.
Guerrilla attacks. (hit and run)
Ho Chi Min

64
Q

Who was the leader of North Vietnam?
Who was the leader of South Vietnam?
When was he assassinated? Why?

A

Ho Chi Min
Ngo Dinh Diem
1963. Unpopular government.

65
Q

What happened in August 1964 in Vietnam?

What did this mean to JFK’s successor?

A

NV attacked US destroyer USS Maddox in Gulf of Tonkin.

Reason for involvement in Vietnam

66
Q

Who was JFK’s successor?

A

Lyndon B. Johnson

67
Q

What was the Tonkin Resolution?

A

Allowed LBJ to fight Vietnamese war as he saw fit.

  • Sending troops
  • US Air Force bombing raids
68
Q

What was Napalm?

What was Agent Orange?

A

Petroleum jelly used in bombing raids. Burned civilians.

Dioxin which can damage brain + CNS used in bombing raids. Cleared forests of foliage.

69
Q

What was Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

Repeated US Air Force bombing raids against the Vietcong.

70
Q

Who was elected as US President in 1968?
What was his aim for the Vietnam war?
How did he try to achieve this?

A

Richard Nixon
Remove the USA in a way that didn’t look as if they had lost.
Increased bombing in NV.
Bombed Cambodia + Laos (supply routes for Vietcong - known as Ho Chi Min Trail) 10 million tons bombs dropped
Vietnamisation

71
Q

What was Vietnamisation?
When + where was a peace treaty signed?
What did it mean?

A

US troops withdraw from NV + SV forces to do fighting.
Paris, 1973
Withdrawal of US forces, return of US POWs.
Vietcong remained in SV.

72
Q

When did SV become Communist?
What were the results of the Vietnam war?
What did this mean for the USA?

A

1975
US involvement achieved little at a great cost.
Cambodia, Laos + SV became Communist.
Demoralised, couldn’t win against guerilla warfare.

73
Q

When was Détente between China, USSR + USA?

A

1969 - 1979

74
Q

10 reasons why USA lost Vietnam war?

A

Couldn’t win against Guerilla warfare
SV preferred Vietcong (US destroying Vietnam)
US Draftees (soldiers didn’t want to go to war)
Vietcong knew geography + climate better (tropical)
High US death rate - soldiers didn’t want to go to war
Weak economy + expensive war
Chemical warfare made unpopular
Media hated USA

75
Q

Who replaced Khrushchev in 1964?
Who replaced Novotny in Czechoslovakia in 1968?
What were his reforms called?

A

Brezhnev
Dubček
The Prague Spring

76
Q

What were Dubček’s reforms?

Did he intend to leave Warsaw Pact?

A 
Freedom of speech + the press
Less centralised economic control
Development of foreign trade
Removal of restrictions on travel abroad
Reduction in secret police powers
Nope
77
Q

What happened on 20th August 1968?
What did Czech people use to resist this?
What happened after?
Who was Dubček replaced by?

A

400,000 troops invaded Czechoslovakia.
Passive resistance
Dubček summoned to Moscow, returned to announce Prague Spring was over + resigned a couple of months later
Husak

78
Q

What did Brezhnev say to justify his actions in Czechoslovakia?
What did this become known as?

A

Duty of Communist countries to act together to prevent another Communist state from turning to Capitalism.
Brezhnev Doctrine

79
Q

Why didn’t USA help Czechs?

Why did USSR consider this invasion successful?

A

Busy with Vietnam war, presidential elections + didn’t want to damage East + West relations.
Little unrest in Eastern Bloc until 1980s.

80
Q

List of US Presidents from Nixon - Bush (Senior)

List of Soviet leads from Brezhnev - Gorbachev

A

Nixon (1968) Ford (1974) Carter (1976) Reagan (1980) Bush Snr (1988)
Brezhnev (1964) Andropov (1982) Chernenko (1984) Gorbachev (1985)

81
Q

When was detente?

A

1969 - 1979

82
Q

What is the definition of detente?

A

Easing of Cold War tensions

83
Q

What re-started the Cold War?

A

USSR invaded Afghanistan

84
Q

What are 2 economic reasons for detente for the USA?

A

Better trade opportunities

Save money from defence budget to spend at home

85
Q

What are 2 economic reasons for detente for the USSR?

A

Better trade opportunities

Save money from defence budget to spend at home

86
Q

What is 1 economic reason for detente for China?

A

Better trade opportunities

87
Q

What is 1 political reason for detente for the USA?

A

Hoped better relations would allow their new allies to put pressure on NV to end Vietnam War.

88
Q

What is 1 political reason for detente for the USSR?

A

Aimed to isolate their Communist rival China by becoming an ally with the USA.

89
Q

What is 1 political reason for detente for China?

A

Aimed to isolate their Communist rival USSR by becoming an ally with the USA.

90
Q

Why did the USSR & China fall out?

A

Brezhnev Doctrine and their interpretations of Communism.

91
Q

What happened in 1971 between USA + China?

A

US table tennis team visited China.

China became part of UN.

92
Q

What happened in 1972 between USA + China?

A

Nixon visited China in February.

Created a Friendship Treaty.

93
Q

What happened in 1972 between USA + USSR?

A 
SALT 1 (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
Limited number of certain types of weapons (left out other types + more powerful weapons)
94
Q

What happened in 1975 between USA + USSR?

A

Helsinki Agreement - USA accepted European borders and USSR agreed to improve human rights (They didn’t actually improve)

95
Q

What happened in 1979 between USA + USSR?

A

SALT 2 - Further limitations on weaponry. Never approved by Congress due to Afghanistan War.

96
Q

Why wasn’t SALT 2 approved by Congress?

A

Afghanistan War in 1979.

97
Q

Why did USSR invade Afghanistan?

A

Moscow wanted to restore Communist friendly government.
Feared if Muslim rebels seized control it might encourage Muslims in Asian areas of USSR to gain freedom from Soviet control.
Stops trouble for USSR.

98
Q

When did USSR invade Afghanistan?

A

25 December 1979

99
Q

How did Jimmy Carter see the invasion of Afghanistan?

A

Aggressive action by USSR.

Trying to take control of Middle Eastern Oil Reserves.

100
Q

How did USA show opposition to invasion of Afghanistan?

A

Opposed sanctions on USSR: stopped US exports to Russia, Congress refused to accept SALT 2 agreements, Carter authorised increase in arms spending and boycott of 1980 Moscow Olympic Games (60 Nations)

101
Q

What was the Afghanistan War like?

A

Vietnam War for the USSR.

102
Q

What are some similarities between the Vietnam War & the Afghanistan War?

A

Opposition used guerrilla tactics.
Unpopular war (damaged economy, many dead)
Conscription (didn’t really want to fight)
Unfamiliar with climate + terrain

103
Q

When did the Afghanistan war end?

Who ended it?

A

1989

Gorbachev

104
Q

What were the results of the war in Afghanistan?

What were the results of this war in Russia?

A

Cities ruined + countryside impassable due to landmines. 5 million homeless (1/3 of population)
Couldn’t defeat Mujaheddin, 20,000 dead, weak economy.

105
Q

Who was elected In 1980 as President of USA?
How many terms did he serve? (years)
What did he describe USSR as in 1983?
What was Russia’s response?

A

Ronald Reagan
2 terms (1981 - 1989)
Evil empire
Reagan administration is pushing mankind to the brink of disaster

106
Q

What was SDI?
Who supported it?
Issues?

A

Strategic Defence Initiative. Lasers around US as shield in space. Nicknamed ‘Star Wars’
Cost billions of dollars so economy in difficulty.

107
Q

What did Russia do in 1984?

A

Boycotted Los Angeles Olympic Games

108
Q

What were the issues in Russia due to trying to keep up with USA?

A

Low living standards, millions almost starving, industries needed modernising, tech decades behind.

109
Q

What did Russia need to do to save economy after Afghanistan war?

A

Cut defence spending, so better relationship with USA.

110
Q

What happened in the late 80s in relation to peace process?

A

Summit meetings to discuss reducing nuclear weapons.

111
Q

When was INF agreement signed?
What was it?
What happened in 1989?
What happened in 1991?

A

1987, Intermediate Nuclear Forces, removal of 4000 nuclear warheads + Star Wars programme halted.
Bush + Gorbachev met in Malta + declared Cold War over
July, Warsaw Pact Dissolved

112
Q

What were 2 of Gorbachev’s policies in 1985+?

A

Perestroika - Restructuring Russian economy, introduced Western-style policies.
Glasnost - openness, freedom to debate, freedom of media, freedom from government control.

113
Q

What did Gorbachev do in 1985?
Why?
What was the nickname for this and why?

A

Ended Brezhnev Doctrine.
Cold War over so didn’t need buffer zone.
Sinatra Doctrine - “I did it my way” like E Bloc Countries

114
Q

What did China do when students protested?

Why hypocritical?

A

Crushed uprising.

Criticised USSR for crushing Czechs in 1968.

115
Q

What happened in Poland in 1980?
1981?
1989? (3)

A

Solidarity set up as first free trade union in Iron Curtain + government recognised solidarity.
Martial law declared, solidarity illegal, existed underground.
(April) Solidarity legalised.
(June) Solidarity won elections.
(August) Non communist government set up

116
Q

What happened in East Germany in 1989? (2)

1990?

A

(October) Gorbachev visited + encouraged democracy, Honecker resigned.
(November) Berlin Wall opened
Germany reunified

117
Q

What happened in Czechoslovakia in 1989? (2)

A

(May) Protest rallies to demand change

November) Communist regime overthrown with little resistance and almost no loss of life (Velvet Revolution

118
Q

What happened in Hungary in 1988?

1989? (4)

A

Kadar sacked, Nagy given state funeral.
(January) Opposition parties allowed.
(March) Demonstrations against Soviet troops.
(May) Fences on Austrian border removed.
(October) Non-Communist government set up.

119
Q

What are some similarities between the Vietnam War & the Afghanistan War?

A

Opposition used guerrilla tactics.
Unpopular war (damaged economy, many dead)
Conscription (didn’t really want to fight)
Unfamiliar with climate + terrain

120
Q

When did the Afghanistan war end?

Who ended it?

A

1989

Gorbachev

121
Q

What were the results of the war in Afghanistan?

What were the results of this war in Russia?

A

Cities ruined + countryside impassable due to landmines. 5 million homeless (1/3 of population)
Couldn’t defeat Mujaheddin, 20,000 dead, weak economy.

122
Q

Who was elected In 1980 as President of USA?
How many terms did he serve? (years)
What did he describe USSR as in 1983?
What was Russia’s response?

A

Ronald Reagan
2 terms (1981 - 1989)
Evil empire
Reagan administration is pushing mankind to the brink of disaster

123
Q

What was SDI?
Who supported it?
Issues?

A

Strategic Defence Initiative. Lasers around US as shield in space. Nicknamed ‘Star Wars’
Cost billions of dollars so economy in difficulty.

124
Q

What did Russia do in 1984?

A

Boycotted Los Angeles Olympic Games

125
Q

What were the issues in Russia due to trying to keep up with USA?

A

Low living standards, millions almost starving, industries needed modernising, tech decades behind.

126
Q

What did Russia need to do to save economy after Afghanistan war?

A

Cut defence spending, so better relationship with USA.

127
Q

What happened in the late 80s in relation to peace process?

A

Summit meetings to discuss reducing nuclear weapons.

128
Q

When was INF agreement signed?
What was it?
What happened in 1989?
What happened in 1991?

A

1987, Intermediate Nuclear Forces, removal of 4000 nuclear warheads + Star Wars programme halted.
Bush + Gorbachev met in Malta + declared Cold War over
July, Warsaw Pact Dissolved

129
Q

What were 2 of Gorbachev’s policies in 1985+?

A

Perestroika - Restructuring Russian economy, introduced Western-style policies.
Glasnost - openness, freedom to debate, freedom of media, freedom from government control.

130
Q

What did Gorbachev do in 1985?
Why?
What was the nickname for this and why?

A

Ended Brezhnev Doctrine.
Cold War over so didn’t need buffer zone.
Sinatra Doctrine - “I did it my way” like E Bloc Countries

131
Q

What did China do when students protested?

Why hypocritical?

A

Crushed student demonstrations in April + June 1989 in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square.
Criticised USSR for crushing Czechs in 1968.

132
Q

What happened in Poland in 1980?
1981?
1989? (3)

A

Solidarity set up as first free trade union in Iron Curtain + government recognised solidarity.
Martial law declared, solidarity illegal, existed underground.
(April) Solidarity legalised.
(June) Solidarity won elections.
(August) Non communist government set up

133
Q

What happened in East Germany in 1989? (2)

1990?

A

(October) Gorbachev visited + encouraged democracy, Honecker resigned.
(November) Berlin Wall opened
Germany reunified

134
Q

What happened in Czechoslovakia in 1989? (2)

A

(May) Protest rallies to demand change

November) Communist regime overthrown with little resistance and almost no loss of life (Velvet Revolution

135
Q

What happened in Hungary in 1988?

1989? (4)

A

Kadar sacked, Nagy given state funeral.
(January) Opposition parties allowed.
(March) Demonstrations against Soviet troops.
(May) Fences on Austrian border removed.
(October) Non-Communist government set up.

History X (7 decks)

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