The Classification And Transfer Of Skills Flashcards
Most skills classification systems are based on the view that motor skills are affected by 3 factors
- how precise movement is
- whether the movement has a definite beginning and end
- whether the environment affects the performance of skills
Discrete,serial and continuous continuum-
This continuum is concerned with how well defined the beginning and the end of the skill are
What are discrete skills e.g. weightlift
- clear beginning and end
- skills can be repeated but performer starts again
- single specific skill
What are serials skills e.g. high jump
- several discrete elements put together to make integrated movement/sequence
- the order of the elements are important
What are continuous skills e.g. marathon
- no obvious beginning/end
- continues for as long as the performer wishes
- the end of one cycle is the beginning of the next
- no clear sub routines
Body involvement continuum-
This continuum is concerned with the precision of movement… gross and fine skills
What are gross skills
This involves large muscle movements where the major muscle groups are involved, these movements are not very precise e.g. weightlifting
What are fine skills
These involve more intricate movements using small muscle groups, tend to be precise and generally involve high levels of hand eye coordination e.g. darts
Open and closed continuum-
This continuum is concerned with the effects of the environment on skills
What is open skills
This is where the environment is constantly changing so movements have to be continually adapted. Therefore skills are predominately perceptual. The skill is mostly externally paced.
-affected by the environment/always changing
-need to interpret and judge stimuli
-usually complex/need to process a lot of information/stimuli
-usually externally paced/speed controlled by others
-outcome varies/not performed the same way every time
E.g.soccer goal save, soccer pass, tennis stroke
What is closed skills
These skills take place in a stable, predictable environment and the performer knows exactly what to do and when. Therefore skills are not affected by the environment. Movements follow set patterns and have a clear beginning and end. The skills tend to be self paced.
E.g. tennis serve, soccer penalty, shot putt
Pacing continuum-
This continuum is concerned with the timing of movements (and is often used with open-closed continuum)- internal and external paced skills
What is externally paced
The environment which may include opponents, can control the rate of performing the skill. The performer must pay attention to external events in order to control his/her rate of movement. Speed/start of the skill is controlled by the environment/others.
E.g. receiving a pass in football
What is self paced
Where the performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed. Speed/start of the skill is controlled by the performer
E.g. passing the ball in netball
What is learning
Knapp- the more or less permanent change in behaviour that is reflected in a change of performance
Key characteristics of learning
- linked to practise or experience
-relatively permanent - not a fluke or one off occurrence
What is the transfer of skills
How the learning of one skill affects the learning of another
What is positive transfer
The learning of one skill helps the learning of another e.g. tennis serve the same as a volleyball serve
What is negative transfer
The learning of one skill hinders the learning of another e.g. tennis forehand the same as badminton
What is proactive transfer
A learned skill affects the learning of a new skill positively e.g. volleyball and tennis
What is retroactive transfer
The new skill affects preciously learned skill
What is bilateral transfer
Learning on one limb slightly improves the learning on the opposite limb
How to ensure positive transfer takes place
-make sure realistic practice conditions/environmental conditions need to be similar
-The coach uses as many different practices as possible in training-drills are varied
-Make sure training is relevant to the real game
-Tactics, strategies and information processing elements need to be similar
-Ensure that skills are thoroughly learned before moving onto other skills
