Confidence And Self Efficacy Flashcards
What is Self confidence c
Describes a general disposition which is both stable (relatively unchanging) and global ( far reaching and inclusive). Self confidence influences motivation and is therefore a factor hat determines the decision to participate in a chosen activity
-an attitude
- an aspect of self esteem
- belief that one can succeed
What is Self efficacy
This is a specific type of self confidence and relates to a persons perception of their standard of ability, in particular activities and situations. It tends to be unstable and is therefore changeable.
E.g. a rugby player may have high efficacy producing a confidence and committed performance for much of the game. The same person, however may have low efficacy in the specific skill of goal kicking and therefore avoid involvement in this area.
- a situation- specific form of self confidence
- perception ability to perform a particular sporting task successfully
•It is the expectation of success in a particular task and the belief in one’s ability to cope with the demands of the situation.
• It differs from sports confidence in the fact that self-efficacy theory is not specific to sports but has been adapted to sports situations.
Example: The England football team’s failure to succeed in many penalty shoot-outs could exemplify how the players may have high self-efficacy in most situations during the match but low self-efficacy in other situations (e.g. taking a penalty in a penalty shootout).
Examples of self confidence and self efficacy
-a gymnast may feel confident at floor work but experience low levels of self efficacy when faced with the fault
- a skier may feel confident at snow plough turns but not parallel turns and stopping
- a swimmer may feel confident at swimming when in the shallow end because they know they can touch the floor, but they may experience low levels of self efficacy when in the deep end even when they can swim
Vealeys model of self confidence
Confidence in sport is a belief in your ability to master a situation
According to vealey confidence is based on:
1.Personality- your level of competitiveness and achievement motivation (NAF and NACH)
2.Experience- your amount of past success on the task and your belief in your ability to succeed in the future
3.Situation- playing away or at home for example
Trait v state confidence
Trait confidence- is innate confidence shown in most situations
State confidence- is a situation specific e.g. taking a penalty
The interaction between these 2 it’s important. A naturally confident hockey player who has taken many penalty flicks before will be confident of scoring from the spot in future games.
- There’s a sporting situation
- (SC trait) trait sport confidence or competitive orientation leads to (SC state) state sport confidence
- Performance
- Subjective outcomes
- From this you can have perceived causes or satisfaction
- Success
Factors of the vealeys model explained- competitive orientation
This refers to the level of competitiveness of the player and how much effort they put in to something to be successful. Highly competitive players are more likely to try to tackle players larger than themselves and take calculated risks throughout the game. Players with a low competitive drive will avoid the risky situations and not exert themselves in the game. Beasley suggested that confidence gained in one area of sport could be used to improve confidence in a different sporting activity.
- the perceived opportunity to achieve a performance or outcome goal
Example-
The discussion thrower is motivated by a challenging completion to throw well
Factors of the vealeys model explained-subjective outcomes
This is how a player perceives or rates their performance. If the performance is perceived to be successful then competitiveness and SC- state is increased. If the performance is perceived as unsuccessful then competitiveness and SC state is decreased.
Factors of the vealeys model explained- trait sport confidence SC trait
Like all trait theories, SC trait refers to stable and enduring sports confidence. It is a innate characteristic which means that a person with a high SC trait is likely to feel capable of being successful in most situations, whereas a person with low SC trait will have low confidence in most situations.
E.g. a discus thrower is generally confidence about making a throw
Factors of the vealeys model explained- state sport confidence SC state
This is the actual level of confidence in the situation similar to self efficacy. The players will have a low, moderate or high confidence which is dependent on SC trait and competitive orientation. One player may have high SC trait and approach the game with high competitiveness which after the first few minutes of the match where he has made a few good runs, tackles and passes his SC state is high. A player from the opposing team has low SC trait and a low level of competitiveness and therefore has low SC state.
- the level of sport confidence a performer has in a specific sports situation
E.g. the discus thrower feels confident because the wind is going in the right direction
Factors of the vealeys model explained-behavioral responses performance
These are the actual behaviours that the players exhibit, this often reflects the quality of their performance. Layers experiencing high SC state want to be involved in the action of the game, taking, putting a lot of effort in and performing skills without fear of failure. However players with low SC state may avoid the situation where they could be brought in to the game and generally shy away from the action.
E.g. after playing the first 10 minutes if a player has scored an early try and made a few big tackles they are likely to feel satisfied with the positive impact they have made in the game. This increases competitive orientation and as a consequence SC state. Both these factors impact on SC state meaning in that situation confidence will be high.
Mofarah is a 4 time Olympic gold medalist. Before the 10000m race at the 2017 world championships he said I know I am the man to beat but that gives me confidence. I can’t wait to get on that track, analyse mofarahs statement using bandura’s self efficacy and vealeys model of self confidence
- vealeys model of self confidence looks at the influence of objective competitive situation, the competitive orientation of the performer, trait confidence or state confidence on performance ( behavioural responses)
- objective competitive situation, this refers to the competition or competitive situation (what is the objective competitive situation)
- the competitive orientation refers to the level of competitiveness of the player and how much effort they put into something to be successful. Highly competitive s[prts people are more likely to take calculated risks throughout the sport. Sports people with a low competitive drive will avoid the risky situations and not exert themselves in sport. Vealey suggested that confidence gained in one area of sport could be used to improve confidence in a different sporting activity. (Mo is clearly competitive and ready for the event evidence by what comment)
- the objective sporting situation is the combination of the type of skil being performed and the situation. If it is a skill that has been used successfully in the past then both trait and state confidence would be high. The objective situation also looks at the conditions that the skill was performed in. It could have been in a large crowd or at a time when the score was close in both cases the pressure was on.
(What is the skill being used for long distance running)
(How do we know the skill has been clearly successful in the past)
(Would this mean both state and trait confindence would be high or low)
(What could mo feel because of the present of the the crowd both at the event and worldwide)
-State confidence- this is the actual level of confidence in the situation similar to self efficacy. The players will have low, moderate or high confidence which is dependent on SC trait and competititive orientation. It was suggested that these 2 influences combine to produce a level of confidence in an objective sporting situation.
Mo farah’s belief that his ability will bring success in 10000 metres as state confidence is specific to the situation and directly determines the quality of his skill in the race. (This is evidence by what quote ?)
- behavioral responses (performance)- these are the actual behaviours that the players exhibit, often reflecting the quality of their performance.
A03
The idea of trait confidence like all trait theories, SC trait refers to stable and enduring sport confidence. Part of vealeys theory is trait sport self confidence which is a personality trait which although stable it’s difficult to analyse the effect of mo farahs confidence and competitive orientation in relation to as we don’t know mo farahs personality which can only be implied by the statement. It does suggest he has a high level of self confidence as demonstrated by the quote i am the man to beat.
Behavioural responses (performance)- these are the actual behaviours that the players exhibit, often reflecting the quality of their performance. From this question I am not able to deter the behavioural responses as I do not know the result
Self efficacy (bandanas model)
Bandura called situation-specific self-confidence, self-efficacy.
Bandura suggested that self-efficacy can predict actual performance when the necessary skills and appropriate incentives are present.
Bandura suggested self-efficacy is influences by four factors.
•Performance accomplishments: which relates to how well a performer has done previously. This provides the most dependable information for self-efficacy, and has the best effect for improving self-efficacy.
•Vicarious experiences. This is the process through which performers learn by watching someone else successfully perform the desired task. Watching someone of similar ability achieve success increases the performers own confidence of potential success, thus leading to higher self-efficacy beliefs.
•Verbal persuasion which can help encourage a performer’s self-efficacy.
•Emotional arousal which is how a performer interprets their own arousal. Bandura suggests that arousal affects behaviour through efficacy expectations.
Self efficacy Bandura model- performance accomplishments
This is the most obvious source of self-efficacy. If a young gymnast has attempted a specific tumble run during their floor routine and they have failed to execute the somersault at the end of the run frequently, then they are likely to have low self-efficacy performing this in competition. A coach can play an important role in developing this aspect of self-efficacy by structuring practices to give performers success. For example, it the coach can break the skill down using mechanical/ manual support until the gymnastics is confident. These performance accomplishments increase self-efficacy. A coach can also increase self-efficacy by setting easier goals for his/her team to achieve.
Self efficacy Bandura model-vicarious experiences
Seeing others successfully complete the activity can lead to increased self-efficacy. If a pole-vaulter sees an athlete, who they have beaten regularly, clear a specific height, it may make them think that they can do it too. This is known as a ‘vicarious experience’ and coaches can help their athletes by observing others of a similar or lesser ability, successfully complete the skill they are attempting and pointing this out to the performer. This is linked to the social learning
Self efficacy Bandura model-verbal persuasion
Verbal persuasion is a method commonly used by coaches and captains to increase self-efficacy. England’s Martin Johnson provided inspirational team talks before the start of the 2003 Rugby World Cup games and his verbal encouragement was regarded by many of the players as a key factor for winning the Web Ellis Cup. Verbal persuasion is more effective if provided by a significant other, such as your coach, telling you “you can do this!”
Self efficacy Bandura model-emotional arousal
Emotional arousal is the effect of cognitive feelings on confidence and being able to control arousal using stress management techniques; these can either lead the performer to feel energized with high self-efficacy or depression with low self-efficacy.
How is self efficacy affected by aorusal
Self-efficacy is affected by levels of arousal, this is linked to the inverted-U theory and if a performer can achieve their optimal level of arousal, performance will be enhanced. If the athlete experiences physiological arousal such as somatic responses including increased heart rate and alertness, before the start of a race and perceives these feelings as exciting and facilitative, self-efficacy will be higher. However, if the athlete interprets these feelings with fear and anxiety, then self-efficacy will be lower.
