Memory Models Flashcards
Why is the information system important
The effectiveness of your information processing system is a vital factor in your ability as an individual and can have a big impact on the level of your performance.
Stimuli input information display —> decision made —> output action muscular response
- Information is gathered from the environment e.g. batting uses vision and propioception and the audition. Its info is passed via nerves to the CNS and the brain. It is stored in the short term memory and sight seeing sounds
- Gathered info used to form a motor program
- motor program is completed by the performer
What is information processing
when a sports performer interprets and judges the information around them then chooses and puts into action a sports skill
Stimuli/input information
Stimuli is any information available to your thought process. This can be from within the body’s internal receptors or
from the environment. The sensory information relevant to the situation is stored in short-term memory. The information is taken in through the senses before a decision being made.
What are the bodies senses?
what we see (vision)
•what we hear
(auditory)
•what we sense/ touch
(proprioception
Information is passed via nerves to the CNS and the brain.
Batting example: the main organs used would be; vision (watching the ball),proprioception (identifying how the body is positioned) and audition (the sound of the bat on the ball or calls from team-mates)
Example: baseball fielder is playing in-front of a crowd of 40,000 people there will be many sounds and smells surrounding them and they will receive lots of information from internal receptors in the body (e.g. balance, touch
receptors). Obviously the ball being hit; the sound of the bat striking the ball and the ball’s flight are important stimuli for the fielder
What are the 3 senses in the stimulus identification
Vision/sight- is used to see things in the environment, whether this is the ball we are playing with or the track we are running on. The eyes also play an important role in balance. Stand on one leg, then shut your eyes and try to remain balanced!
Auditory receptors-The ears detect auditory information or sounds.
Proprioception-The ears detect auditory information or sounds.
K i n e s t h e s i s- Try shutting your eyes then touching the end of your nose with your finger. Usually you will be successful because you will be able to interpret the information from your stretch receptors in the muscles and the Golgi tendon apparatus found in our tendons. These receptors are crucial for the brain to interpret where our limbs are within the space around us.
Equilibrium Within the inner ear is the vestibular system, which assists us to remain balanced. The vestibular system contains three semi-circular canals that contain a fluid. When we move, the fluid shifts inside the canals and tiny hairs
inside are stimulated. Movements in different planes result in stimulation of the hairs inside the different canals at different rates. Our brains learn to interpret this information when we learn to sit, then stand and finally walk when we are young.
Touch- The touch receptors in our feet provide vital information for balance when we are standing or running. Similarly the touch receptors in our hands are also crucial for performing hand stands, head stands and other similar balances.
What are the two most commonly used models to illustrate information processes and what do they both view ?
.
Welford and whiting
They both view…
- Stimulus identification:
information collected from the display via the sensory system.This involves the performer using perceptual mechanism. Any information deemed irrelevant is filtered via selective attention to increase the speed of the decision making
process. - Decision making: (Response identification)
The relevant information is assessed and a decision is made based on previous experiences, which are stored in the memory. - output; (Response programming)
the motor programme is completed via the effector mechanism and the muscular system.
What is whitings model
Whiting’s model portrays exactly the same idea as Welford’s model but just categorises it differently. Whiting’s explained that his model of information processing is due to the input of data using the receptor systems, perceptional
mechanism, translator mechanism, effector mechanism, output of data and feedback data.
Explain the stages of the whiting models
Input data: is the stage where the information you are going to receive is going to be displayed in front of you, this is detected by the receptor systems which the process of how we get the information, these systems include visual information, auditory senses and the sense of feeling.
Perceptional mechanism:which is where the brain interprets the information you have been given into a form that you can understand and then use such as in football, it is where you will interpret a ball coming to you and therefore you will need to move your foot to control it (Stimulus identification).
Translatory mechanism: this is where you use the information gathered in the to create a best possible decision for the environment and this information is sent to the effector mechanism (response identification).
Effector mechanism:the effectors use the motor cortex to create a motor plan and this is where the decision that you have chosen is being made, then the effector sends the signals to the relevant muscle ready for another signal that is sent to the muscular system to allow the muscles to contract (response programming).
output data stage: is where you conduct the movements, so using the previous example of someone passing the ball to you, the output data is you controlling the ball after it has been passed to you.
feedback data: where signals from the brain tell you whether the action was successful or not, it does it by comparing the outcome to other experiences, such as if you controlled the ball and it bounced up of your foot, that would have some unsuccessful areas, but if the ball stayed with your foot then it would have more successful areas to it.
What is Welfords model
Welford’s model suggests that we:
-take in information through our senses and temporarily store all of these inputs before sorting them out
-the inputs that are seen as relevant to the decision are then stored in the short-term memory
-a decision is made by comparing the information in the short-term memory with previous experiences stored in the long-term memory
-regarding the long-term memory for the required action, the decision is carried out
-the action and the results are stored for future reference
-the whole process then begins again
Summarise the three memory systems that are used in order to perform a motor
skill.
The three memory systems that are used to perform a motor skill are: Short term sensory system (STSS); Short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM).
The STSS: it is thought that there is a STSS for each different sensory modality (e.g. auditory, visual, kinaesthesis) so it is at the STSS that the process of selective attention occurs, in which irrelevant information is ignored and the important information is ‘filtered’ and passed to the short term memory (STM). The unused information is discarded and will not be remembered. It is estimated that information in the STSS will only be available for a few seconds unless it is passed to the STM. Selected information passes into the STM for further processing
The STM: also known as the working memory. a process whereby a stimulus can go through the detection. Comparisons and recognition occurs during this period. Immediate processing (up to 30 seconds duration or the information is lost. It is the ‘work space’ between STM and LTM. The capacity of short term memory is 5-9 items. This is where the motor action plan is formed. To retain the information it has to be transferred to the long term memory (LTM). However, repeating information regularly will keep it in the STM until it is transferred to the LTM or not needed any more and forgotten. When we ‘retrieve’ information from the LTM it is brought into the STM or working memory. For example if you need to write your address on a form then you will retrieve the information from your LTM and ‘think about it’ before writing it down. The storage capacity of the STM can be expanded by the process of ‘chunking’. This is a process by which information can be associated with other pieces of information to expand the STM capacity. A simple example is how we remember a telephone number; it is chunked together into the dialling code, then usually two groups of 3 or 4 numbers. There are three chunks of information enabling us to recall 11 digits.
LTM: storage in our long term memory is limitless/ unlimited capacity of all our experiences this is where re-call occurs. Information is relatively permanently stored.
What is reaction time
Reaction time is the time from the stimulus to the initiation of the response.
What movement time
Movement time is the time from the initiation of the response to the completion of the action.
What response time
Response time is the time from the stimulus to the completion of the movement
Measuring reaction time- ruler drop
1.position ruler- the ruler is held vertically with the bottom level with the top of the subjects hand
2. Drop ruler- the subject catches it, the distance the ruler drops before being caught indicates the reaction time
Measuring reaction time- word cue
This calculates the time it takes to catch a dropped ruler but in this method a final word cue is given as well as other words are spoken that should be ignored
1. Determine a particular word as a signal to catch the dropped ruler
2. Use a variety of words before dropping the ruler disregard ruler catches on wrong word
3. Record the distance the ruler fell through the subjects fingers, calculate reaction time in seconds
Measuring reaction time- word
- Say a stimulus word as a signal to catch the dropped ruler. Do not predetermine the stimulus word. The subject will catch the ruler with any word as a cue
- This time, however the subject must also respond with a word.
- Keep a record of catches that do not count because of the lack of word association.
- Subject respond with a word and catches the ruler while responding. If unable to make a word association, the catch does not count.
- Record the distance the ruler fell through the subject fingers.
- Calculate reaction time in seconds as before.
Measuring reaction time-choice reaction time tests
This tests, how fast you can respond to the random appearance of dots in a grid over the course of 30 seconds
35+= excellent
24 -34= good
15 -23= fair
Under 15 = slow
What are the different types of reaction time?
Simple-one stimulus with only one correct response for example reacting to a start gun by beginning to run down the track towards the finish
Choice -either several stimuli which may have any number of possible responses or one stimuli with a number of possible responses
Hicks law
Hick discovered that the greater the number of stimuli and response outcomes the slower the reaction time is
Practical examples-
Question-100m sprint- how many responses are required for a sprint start how many stimuli are there for a sprint start
The 100m sprint example provided is an example of a simple reaction time, a single response to a single stimulus. The sprinter on the blocks waits for one stimulus and once the stimulus goes bang the reaction is to drive out of the blocks. The sprinter would look stupid if there was any other reaction. As there is only one item of information to process, reaction time is quick.
Compare with an invasion game scenario 3v2 situation. How many responses are required for a sprint start and how many stimuli
In an invasion game like basketball a player will receive many stimuli when they are in possession of the ball. In this situation the term choice reaction time is used. An example of this would be in 3v2 situation during a fast break. There are pre numerous possible situations, who is dribbling the ball, where are the supporting attacks positioned, where team mates are standing. There are also a number of possible responses
Freyer model for language acquisition
The freyer model is a way of presenting subject
specific tier 3 vocabulary.The act of looking at definitions along with examples of the word being used correctly/incorrectly in a sentence alongside characteristics/diagrams is proven to aid understanding/recall of the word.This is particularly useful for subjects with technical
language which is unlikely to be encountered outside of the classroom environment.
Refraction
Refraction is the change of direction of a wave as it enters a substance of a difference density. This happens because of a change in speed when the wave enters a substance of a different density.
Examples
The image of the fish was distorted because of refraction of light leaving the water.The light was refracted as it entered the glass block
Selective attention example
For example, a tennis player will attempt to focus on the ball, his position on court and his opponent. He will attempt to ignore the crowd, advertising boards and the consequences of the match. Often a performer with the ability to focus and block out distractions will be more
effective than a potentially more skilful player who cannot concentrate fully. Sometimes athletes have referred to this as ‘tunnel vision’.
Practical example- chunking
Chunk movements. Movements can be learned and processed if they are “chunked” or grouped into larger movements. This grouping increases an athlete’s capacity to learn and perform sport
skills. Break skills down only as much as is necessary.Triple jump:
