The Classification And Transfer Of Skills Flashcards
Skill classification systems are based on the view motor skills are affected by 3 factors what are they ?
- How precise the movement is
- Whether the movement has a definite beginning and end
- Whether the environment affects the performance of skills
What is the discrete, serial and continuous continuum
This continuum is concerned with how well defined the beginning or end of a skill is.
Discrete skills are-
1. Clear beginning and clear end
2. Skills can be repeated but performer starts again
3. Its a single specific skill
E.g. shot put
Serial skills are-
1. Several discrete elements put together to make integrated movement
2. The order of the elements are vital
E.g. gymnastics routine
Continuous skills are-
1. No clear beginning or end
2. Continues for as long as the performer wishes
3. The end of one cycle is the beginning of the next
4. No clear sub routines
E.g. marathon
What is the body involvement continuum
This continuum is concerned with the precision of movement (gross and fine skills)
Gross skills- involve large muscle movements where the major muscle groups are involved, these movements aren’t very precise e.g. weightlifting
Fine skills- is involves more intricate movements using small muscle groups , it tends to be precise and generally involve high levels of hand-eye coordination. E.g. darts
What is the open and closed continuum
This continuum is concerned with the effects on the environment of skills.
Open skills- this is where the environment is constantly changing so movements have to continually be adapted, therefore skills are predominately perceptual, the skill is mostly externally paced. Need to interpret and judge stimuli
Closed skills- these take place in a stable predictable environment and the performer knows exactly what to do and when. Therefore skills are not affected by the environment. Movements follow set patterns and have a clear beginning and clear end. The skills tend to be self paced
What is the pacing continuum
This continuum is concerned with the timing of movement and is often used with open/closed continuum-
Internal and externally paced skills
Externally paced- the environment which may include oppponents can control the rate of performing the skill. The performer must may attention to the external events in order to control the rate of movement. The speed/start of skill is controlled by the rate of movement e.g. receiving a pass in football
Self paced- the performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed. Speed/start of skill is controlled by the performer e.g. passing the ball in netball
What is learning
Knapp- the more or less permanent change in behaviour reflected in change of performance
What is positive transfer of learning
The learning of one skill helps the learning of another
What is a negative transfer of learning
The learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
What is the proactive transfer of learning
A learned skilll affects the learning of another skill
What is the proactive transfer of learning
A learned skill affects the learning of a new skill
What is a retroactive transfer of learning
The new skill affects the previously learned skill
What is a bilateral transfer of learning
The learning on 1 limb slightly improves the learning on the opposite limb
How to ensure positive transfer takes place
- make sure there’s realistic practise conditions
- make sure the training is relevant to the real game
- tactics, strategies and information processing elements need to be similar
- ensure skills are thoroughly learnt before moving on to the next
