guidance and feedback

Question 1

what is intrinsic feedback

Answer 1

feedback from within the performer so as they perform the action they will know whether it was performed correctly. they receive info from their touch receptors, balance mechanism in the inner ear and stretch receptors in the muscles is termed proprioceptive feedback e.g. a tennis player is aware immediately they overhit a return shot

Question 2

why is feedback important

Answer 2

it helps provide confidence and motivation for the performer allowing them to correct errors and improve their performances.

Question 3

what are the 3 main functions of feedback

Answer 3

1. motivational
2. reinforcing- increasing chance for the performer to repeat
   3.informational

Question 4

how does feedback help improve performance

Answer 4

• helps with motivation and increase self confidence
  -helps with detecting and correcting errors
• reinforces correct actions/skills so performer knows what to do
• strenghtens sr bond in learning situation so the correct movement is perceived
  -reduces and prevents bad habits

Question 5

how can feedback be effective

Answer 5

the coach mst take in to account of
-the timing of the feedback
- the ffedback should be relevant and meaningful
-feedback needs to be individual
- its advised feedback uses different methods
- its important the coach considers which stage of learning

Question 6

what is extrinsic feedback

Answer 6

feedback from an outside source like when a performer produces a skill info is gained from there environment and other people around them e.g. a coach explaining to a javelin thrower how to correct his grip

Question 7

what is terminal feedback

Answer 7

feedback at the end of a performance. its more likely the performers will remeber there corrections when given afterwars and performers will have a debrief with their coach to identify strenghts and weaknesses of their performance so that adjustments can be made.

Question 8

what is concurrent feedback

Answer 8

where performers receive feedback while there doing the performance, this can be both intrinsic and extrinsic but the performer must utilize selective attention to prevent performance being disrupted by focussing on the wrongs

Question 9

what is positive feedback

Answer 9

feedback received when the performance of the performer has been successful therefore strengthening the likelihood of it being repeated

Question 10

what is negative feedback

Answer 10

what’s received after a negative performance can be internal or external. performer will recieve correctionds and advice on what’s at fault so that thye risk of happening again is reduced.

Question 11

what is knowledge of results feedback

Answer 11

this is the information the performer receives regarding the outcome of a performance whether or not they were successful.
-its external and usually terminal
usually from another person such as a coach or teacher

Question 12

what is knowledge of performance feedback

Answer 12

this is the information the performer receives on the quality or technique of their performance. it can be internal with the feeling of the movement or it can be external where errors are detected and given that they may not be able to detect themselves. e.g. the coach can use videos to provide this information.

Question 13

what are the 3 stages of learning

Answer 13

1. cognitive
2. associative
3. autonomous

Question 14

what is the cognitive stage

Answer 14

this is the beginning stage where the learner attempts to understand the overall concept by gaining information through there senses.
- the learner needs to give full attention when performing performance e.g. watching when dribbling a basketball
- then begin to attmept the skill mainly closed and self paced skills and learner makes many errors
- learners in this stage arent able to pay attention outside of the stimuli, feedback must be given after the performance very clear simple and limited
- learners are still trying to understand the demands of the task and put together a mental model of what’s required (pre practise stage)
- the teacher/coach must ensure they demonstrate and present effectively (command style preferred)

Question 15

what is the associative stage

Answer 15

this is often called the trial and error stage and its when a performer starts to form a motor programme
-the learner perform and practises the skill under a variety of situations where tactics start to be introduced
-it’s a period of consolidation where actions get smoother and more skilled, accurate
- learner begins to make use of intrinsic feedback
- skills become more open and externally paced.

Question 16

what is the autonomous stage

Answer 16

this is where the final stage is reached where the performance or activity becomes habitual or automatic.
-very accurate and efficient
-less concious actions are committed

Question 17

how do diffrent types of feedbak benefit from the use of technology

Answer 17

apple watch
type of feedback- concurrent
the feedback can benefit the performer and can be provided instantly by using a heart rate monitor e.g a coach sets a running pace for marathon and there guided at the end this can be reviewed.
technologies aid detail analysis of effective optimal intensity

strava
this calculates training intensity, calories burned, distances, splits and data storage. it provides concurrent and terminal feedback and knowledge of results. this can be used to develop tactics and the data can easily be downloaded and can be used to compare results. the feedback gives the coaches a chance to assess the performances
technology aids more detailed analysis of effective optimal intensity and it enhances the learning processes and aids psychological performance therefore increasing confidence and motivation.

notationalanalysis programmes is also known as tally chart feedback and it provides statistical or a graphical format that highlights categories of strenghs and weaknesses in a performance

it’s a in depth analysis and provides quantitive data such as the number of forced errors
the terminal feedback provides significant coach and athlete feedback in terms of technical, mental and physical aspects of a game

Question 18

what does the open and closed loop theory explain

Answer 18

how different skills are controlled by the brain. once the executive motor programme requiired is selected by the brain it has to be monitored and adapted

Question 19

Explain difference between open and closed loop control systems

Answer 19

This theory explains how different skills are controlled by the brain. Once the executive motor programme required has been selected by the brain it has to be monitored and adapted.

This is done through 3 level control -
Level 1 is open loop
Level 2 is closed loop
Level 3 is closed loop

Level 1 open loop control-
-this is where there is no feedback so you don’t effectively learn
- there is no thought involved in the skill as decisions are already made in the brain
- skills can’t be altered
- it is applied to simple skills and closed self paced skills
-all info is sent in one message to the working muscles
- e.g. golf swing throwing a dart
- executive motor programme —-> movement

Level 2 closed loop control- it is termed as the perceptual trace
- feedback is provided and there is feedback from the muscle memory
- the feedback is internal and gathered through proprioception and kinesthesis but the feedback loop is short
- the control is via the muscles rather than the brain
- it occurs in skills such as head/handstands, netball shot, penalty kick so simple skills e.g. gymnast
- feedback is available during the performance so adjustments can be made but it may hinder concentration or confidence
Feedback via the muscles —-> executive motor programme —-> movement

Level 3 closed loop-
- this involves feedback from the brain
- it has a longer feedback loop as the feedback is external rather than internal
- the performer has to pay conscious attention to feedback
- control is via the brain
- external factors such as the coach, co actors, opponents can cause the skill to be all during execution as the information sent by the brain can be changed
- it applies to ongoing movement sand it useful for novice performers
E.g. passing a ball in netball, playing a shot in tennis

Question 20

How is the closed loop theory used to make movements more skillful

Answer 20

It contributes via
- information from the propioceptors or intrinsic feedback give kinestetic feedback
- using this information can change the movement
- this is then sent via the muscle and the brain
- for the 2nd closed loop little conscious effort must be paid using closed loop control via the muscle
-But for the closed loop 3 more conscious effort must be paid for the brain

Question 21

Explain the contribution of the use of subroutines to open loop control and the autonomous phase of learning

Question 22

Define the term feedback and briefly describe its functions

Answer 22

Feedback is any kind of information received by a learner as a result of a particular response or act.
• This information would be available during and after the movement had been completed.
• And would be brought into the system both during the course of the movement and after the movement had been completed.
Functions of feedback are:
• Motivational - success or failure, clear goals, inspires the performer to continue striving for perfection.
• Reinforcing - increases the chance of the performer repeating the performance.
• Informational - the outcome of the performance, is it correct or incorrect?

Question 23

How would you make feedback effective when teaching a motor skill?

Answer 23

Effective feedback:
• Feedback must be accurate and well-informed.
• Knowledge of results is important.
• Be specific and selective with information (not too much information at a time).
• Make the feedback interesting to hold attention and aid retention.
• Information should be understood by the performer.
• Feedback should be given straight after the performance.
• Encourage intrinsic feedback or the feel of the movement (kinaesthesis).

Question 24

Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic feedback.

Answer 24

• Intrinsic feedback is information received by the athlete as a direct result of producing a movement through the kinaestheticsenses such as feelings from muscles, joints and balance.
• Extrinsic feedback is from an external source to the performer that can affect performance.
• And either motivate or demotivate the performer depending on the quality of the feed back.
• It consists of knowledge of performance and knowledge of results.

Question 25

Explain how feedback differs through the associative and autonomous stages of learning as a performer makes progress.

Answer 25

• Feedback involves using information that is available to the performer during and after the execution of a skill.
• During the associative stage of learning, the learner has an overall picture of what is required of the skill, but still makes mistakes.
• Intrinsic feedback involves the learner associating the feel of the activity, via kinaesthesis, with the end result.
• And combined with extrinsic feedback through visual and auditory systems (from an external sources such a coach), by providing knowledge of performance and results, play a significant role as the performer makes progress.
• During the autonomous phase of learning, movements are well integrated as athlete is able to perform without conscious effort.
• The skilled athlete provides their own intrinsic feedback as he or she is able to judge and assess performances and make corrections by him or herself.
• The coach works in partnership with the athlete in the refining of technique

Question 26

How is closed loop theory used to make a movement more skilful?

Answer 26

Closed loop control contributes via:
• Proprioception or intrinsic feedback gives information about errors or correct movements.
• This information can then be used to correct errors or reinforce correct movement.
• Information is sent via the command mechanism or effector mechanism for muscular control.
• There has to be little conscious attention during closed loop control.

Question 27

Explain how feedback in a sports skill learning situation helps the sportsperson improve performance.

Answer 27

• Helps with motivation, and increases self-confidence.
• Helps with detecting and correcting errors.
• Reinforces correct actions or skills, so that the performer knows what to do.
• Strengthens the S-R bond in the learning situation, so that the correct movement is perceived by the sportsperson to be the correct thing to do.
• Reduces or prevents bad habits.
• Helps reduce likelihood of inhibition (drive reduction theory).