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Anatomy 2 > The Circulatory System: Heart > Flashcards

The Circulatory System: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system

A

consists of heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

circulatory system

A

refers to heart, vessels, and blood

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3
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs
right ventricle-> lungs -> left atrium

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4
Q

systemic circuit

A

carries blood to and from the body
left ventricle -> body-> right atrium

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5
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart

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6
Q

veins

A

carry blood to heart

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7
Q

capillaries (exchange vessels)

A

networks between arteries and veins
exchange material between blood and tissues
dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes

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8
Q

the heart

A

left of midline, between 2nd rib and 5th intercostal space
posterior to sternum, in pericardial cavity in mediastinum
fist sized, <1 lb
beats 100,000 times/day moving 8,000 liters blood/day
surrounded by pericardium: serous and fibrous layers

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9
Q

serous membranes

A

visceral and parietal
secrete pericardial fluid, reduce friction

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10
Q

parietal pericardium

A

outer layer

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11
Q

visceral pericardium

A

inner layer of pericardium

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12
Q

heart is located

A

directly behind sternum

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13
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium, usually due to infection
causes friction

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14
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

buildup of fluid in pericardial space

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15
Q

superficial anatomy of the heart

A

coronary sulcus and anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

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16
Q

external divisions of the heart

A

great veins and arteries at the base
pointed tip is apex

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17
Q

coronary sulcus

A

divides atria and ventricles

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18
Q

anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

A

separate left and right ventricles
contain blood vessels of cardiac muscle

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19
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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20
Q

right atrium

A

collects blood from systemic circuit

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21
Q

right ventricle

A

pumps blood to pulmonary circuit

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22
Q

left atrium

A

collects blood from pulmonary circuit

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23
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps blood to systemic circuit

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24
Q

2 for each circuit

A

left and right: 2 ventricles and 2 atria

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25
Q

2 atria

A

superior, thin walls
smooth posterior walls internally
pectinate muscles (ridges) anteriorly
has expandable flap called an auricle lateral and superior
left and right separated by interatrial septum

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26
Q

2 ventricles

A

inferior, thick walls, lined with trabeculae carneae (muscular ridges)
left and right separated by interventricular septum
left ventricle 3x thicker, 5x more friction while pumping, same volume as right one
left is round, right is crescent

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27
Q

left and right ventricles

A

have significant structural differences

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28
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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29
Q

epicardium

A

thin outer layer
visceral pericardium: serous membrane
loose CT attached to myocardium

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30
Q

myocardium

A

thick middle layer
cardiac muscle tissue with CT, vessels and nerves

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31
Q

endocardium

A

thin inner layer
simple squamous epithelium lining with basal lamina
continuous with endothelium blood vessels

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32
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

muscle cells=cardiocytes
uses actin and myosin sliding filaments to contract
rich in mitochondria, resists fatigue but dependent on aerobic respiration
cells connected by intercalated discs
contraction is all or none
longer contractile phase than skeletal muscle
fibrous skeleton of the heart (tough CT) acts as the tendon

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33
Q

intercalated discs

A

interconnect cardiac muscle cells
secured by desmosomes
linked by gap junctions
convey force of contraction
propagate action potentials

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34
Q

the heart valves

A

one-way valves prevent backflow during contraction

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35
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

connect atria to ventricles
permit blood flow in 1 direction: atria to ventricles
flaps=cusps
pressure closes valve cusps during ventricular contraction
1. tricuspid valve: right side, 3 cusps
2. bicuspid/mitral valve: left side, 2 cusps

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36
Q

Cusps

A

Cusps attached to chordae
tendineae from papillary muscles on ventricle wall
Contraction of papillary muscles prevent cusps opening backward during ventricle contraction
Prevent back flow
Cusps hang loose when ventricles not contraction, allow ventricles to fill with blood

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37
Q

semilunar valves

A

Between ventricles and arteries
3 cusps
No chordae tendineae or muscles
Forced open by blood from ventricular contraction
Snap closed to prevent backflow

38
Q

Valvular heart disease

A

Valve function deteriorates to extent that heart cannot maintain adequate circulation
Rheumatic fever: childhood reaction to streptococcal infection, chronic carditis, VHD in adult

39
Q

Heart murmur

A

Leaky valve
Mitral valve prolapse - murmur of left AV valve, cusps don’t close properly, blood regurgitates back into left atrium

40
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Decreased pumping efficiency- Diseased valves, damaged muscle
Blood backs up → fluid leaks from vessels and collects in lungs and tissues

41
Q

the pulmonary circuit

A
  1. Blood flows from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
    – through pulmonary semilunar
    valve
    * Pulmonary trunk divides
    into left and right pulmonary arteries
    * Blood from the lungs gathers into left and right pulmonary veins
  2. Pulmonary veins deliver blood to left atrium
    * Blood from left atrium passes to left ventricle
    – through left atrioventricular (AV) valve (bicuspid valve or mitral
    valve)
42
Q

the systemic circuit

A
  1. Blood leaves left ventricle and goes into ascending aorta
    – through aortic semilunar valve
    * Ascending aorta → aortic arch
    supplies blood to the tissues
    * Blood from the tissues gathers into Superior and Inferior vena cava
  2. Superior and Inferior vena cava delivers systemic circulation to right atrium
    – through right atrioventricular
    (AV) valve (tricuspid valve) blood is delivered to the right ventricle
43
Q

The Vena Cava

A

delivers systemic circulation to right atrium
superior and inferior

44
Q

Superior vena cava

A

receives blood from head, neck, upper limbs, and
chest

45
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

receives blood from trunk, and viscera, lower
limbs

46
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Before birth, is an opening through interatrial septum in the right atrium
Connects the 2 atria
~25% of blood bypasses directly
the left atrium
Closes at birth leaving scar called fossa ovalis

47
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta
~90% of blood bypasses lungs
Closes at birth leaving the
ligamentum arteriosum

48
Q

Failure of either to close

A

poor
oxygenation of blood, cyanosis,
“blue baby syndrome”

49
Q

The heart has 4 chambers:

A

– 2 for pulmonary circuit:
* right atrium and right ventricle
– 2 for systemic circuit:
* left atrium and left ventricle

50
Q

Left ventricle has a greater workload

A

more massive than right ventricle, but the two chambers
pump equal amounts of blood

51
Q

AV valves

A

prevent backflow from ventricles into atria

52
Q

Semilunar valves

A

prevent backflow from aortic and pulmonary trunks into ventricles

53
Q

Coronary Circulation

A
  • Coronary arteries and cardiac veins
  • Supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart
  • Heart = <1% body mass, requires 5% of blood
  • Coronary arteries
    – originate at base of ascending aorta
    – branch to capillary beds for diffusion
  • Blood returns via cardiac veins
    – Cardiac veins empty into right atrium
54
Q

Coronary artery disease

A
  • Partial or complete block of coronary
    circulation, results in coronary ischemia
  • Can lead to myocardial infraction (heart attack)
    – Heart tissue denied oxygen dies
  • Common symptom
    – Angina pectoris:
  • plan in the chest, especially during activity, as a result of
    ischemia
55
Q

Coronary bypass surgery

A
  • Use healthy veins (from
    legs) to create anastomoses
    around blockages
  • Most people have 4 major
    coronary arteries →
    “quadruple bypass”
56
Q

The Heartbeat

A

A single contraction of the heart
* Conducting system
* Contraction of Myocardium
– Systole and diastole
* Heart sounds
* Cardiodynamics/volumes

57
Q

types of cardiac muscle cells

A

conducting system and contractile cells

58
Q

Conducting system

A

Controls and coordinates heartbeat (1% myocardial
cells autorhythmic)
–Depolarize without neural or endocrine stimulation

59
Q

Contractile cells

A

Produce contractions that propel blood

60
Q

Structures of the Conducting System

A

Depolarization transmitted to other myocardial cells through cardiac conduction system
1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
2. Atrioventricular (AV) node
3. Conducting cells

61
Q

SA node

A

Right atrium wall near superior vena cava

62
Q

AV node

A

Inferior portion of interatrial septum above tricuspid valve

63
Q

Conducting cells

A

throughout myocardium
– controls and coordinates heartbeat
– connect nodes and myocardium
– distribute stimulus through myocardium

64
Q

In the atrium contracting cells

A

Interconnect SA and AV nodes

65
Q

In the ventricles contracting cells

A

AV bundle, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers

66
Q

Conducting System and the Cardiac Cycle

A
  • Begins with action potential at SA node
    – gradually depolarizes toward threshold
    – transmitted through conducting system
    – produces action potentials in cardiac muscle cells
    (contractile cells)
  • SA node is called also pacemaker potential
  • SA node depolarizes first, establishing heart
    rate
67
Q

The Cardiac Cycle

A
  • Cells of nodes cannot maintain resting
    membrane potential, drift to depolarization:
    – SA node: 80-100 action potentials/min
  • “natural pacemaker”
    – AV node: 40-60 action potentials/min
  • Resting rate (sinus rhythm)
    – ~75 bpm set by SA node + parasympathetic
    stimulation
68
Q

Abnormal Pacemaker Function

A
  • Normal average heart rate = ~70-80 bpm
    – Max = ~230 bpm, but inefficient above 180
    1. Bradycardia: <60 bpm
    – abnormally slow heart rate
    2. Tachycardia: >100 bpm
    – abnormally fast heart rate
69
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A
  • A recording of electrical events in the heart
  • Obtained by electrodes at specific body locations
  • Abnormal patterns diagnose damage
70
Q

Features of an ECG

A
  • P wave: atria depolarize
    – Depolarization wave from SA node through atria
    ~80ms
  • PQ segment: time (approximately ~160ms) between P
    and Q deflections
  • QRS complex: ventricles depolarize
    – Atrial repolarization and ventricle depolarization
    ~80ms
  • ST segment: time between S and T deflections
  • T wave:
    – Ventricle repolarization ~160ms
71
Q

EKG used to diagnose heart problems

A
  1. Cardiac Arrhythmias
    – Abnormal patterns of cardiac electrical activity
  2. Fibrillation
    – Rapid, irregular, out of phase contractions due to
    activity in areas other than SA node
    – Defibrillation to stop all activity so SA node can
    resume control
72
Q

Heart rate is normally established by cells of

A

SA node

73
Q

Rate can be modified by

A

autonomic activity, hormones,
and other factors

74
Q

From the SA node, stimulus is conducted to

A

AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers before
reaching ventricular muscle cells

75
Q

Electrical events associated with the heartbeat can be
monitored in an

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

76
Q

The Cardiac Cycle

A
  • The period between
    the start of 1
    heartbeat and the
    beginning of the next
  • Alternation
    contraction and
    relaxation
77
Q

Two Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

A

Within any 1 chamber:
– systole (contraction)
* Contraction
* High pressure
* Blood gets pushed to next chamber
– diastole (relaxation)
* Relaxation
* Low pressure
* Chamber fills with blood

78
Q

Blood Flow

A

Blood flows from high to low pressure:
* Controlled by timing of contractions
* Directed by one-way valves

79
Q

Blood Pressure

A

– In any chamber
* Rises during systole
* Falls during diastole

80
Q

4 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Atrial diastole
  3. Ventricular systole
  4. Ventricular diastole
81
Q

Cardiac Cycle and Heart Rate

A
  • At 75 beats per minute:
    – cardiac cycle lasts about 800 msecs
  • When heart rate increases:
    – all phases of cardiac cycle shorten, particularly
    diastole
82
Q

Heart Sounds

A
  • S1: “lubb”
    – produced by AV valves closing at start of ventricular systole
  • S2: “dubb”
    – produced by semilunar valves closing at start of ventricular
    diastole
  • S3, S4:
    – soft sounds
    – blood flow into ventricles and atrial contraction
83
Q

Heart Murmur

A

Sounds produced by regurgitation through valves

84
Q

Cardiodynamics

A

The movement and force generated by cardiac
contractions

85
Q

cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in one
minute, depends on heart rate (HR) and stroke
volume (SV)
CO= HR x SV

86
Q

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

~120 ml
Volume of blood in ventricle before contraction

87
Q

End-systolic volume (ESV)

A

~50 ml
Volume of blood in ventricle following a beat

88
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

~70 ml
Amount of blood pumped by ventricle
SV = EDV — ESV
Usually SV is constant, you need to change HR to increase CO as needed.

89
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Volume (ml) of blood ejected per beat

90
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Cardiac output (CO) ml/min =
Heart rate (HR) beats/min x Stroke volume (SV) ml/beat

91
Q

Organization of cardiovascular system

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits

92
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, and capillaries

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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