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Fifth Year Biology > The Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

The walls of the chambers are composed of

A

Cardiac muscle

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2
Q

What does a double circulation mean?

A

In a double circulation there are two circuits that the blood follows in which blood travels through the heart twice in order to complete one full lap of the circulatory system

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3
Q

Why the left ventricle is so much more muscular than the right ventricle

A

The left ventricle generates more pressure to pump blood around the rest of the body, whereas the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs

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4
Q

Why mustn’t cardiac muscle tire?

A

To pump blood around the body at all times to deliver oxygen to the cells

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5
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Volume of blood per beat X BPM

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6
Q

Name three substances found dissolved in the plasma

A

Hormones, glucose and carbon dioxide

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7
Q

Flatter top surface of the heart

A

Dorsal

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8
Q

Rounder lower surface of the heart

A

Ventral

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9
Q

List, in order, all the chambers and vessels that blood passes through on one complete passage through both sides of the heart

A

Blood passes through the vena cava and into the right atrium. Blood if pumped down into the right ventricle and them upwards in the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygen enters the blood in the lungs and leaves via the pulmonary vein. Blood then enters the left atrium, pushed downwards into the left ventricle and then into the aorta

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10
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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11
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

They detect, engulf and digest invading microorganisms in a process called phagocytosis

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12
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes are responsible for the production of proteins called antibodies that can detect foreign or infected cells and either mark them for destruction or bind the target cells in a large clump

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13
Q

Adaptions of the red blood cells

A
  • Biconcave discs that result in a greater surface area : volume ratio
  • Contains haemoglobin that binds to oxygen to allow transport
  • No nucleus which allows more space for haemoglobin
  • Flexible membrane that allow red blood cells to squeeze through the narrow capillaries
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14
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

They convert fibrinogen to fibrin which causes blood clotting and scab formation

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15
Q

Blood vessel coming out of the left ventricle

A

Aorta

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16
Q

Blood vessel going into the liver

A

Hepatic artery

17
Q

Blood vessel coming out of the liver

A

Hepatic vein

18
Q

Blood vessel going into the liver from the intestines

A

Hepatic Portal vein

19
Q

Blood vessel going into the kidneys

A

Renal artery

20
Q

Blood vessel coming out of the kidneys

A

Renal vein

21
Q

Blood vessel going into the right atrium

A

Vena Cava

22
Q

Blood vessel going into the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

23
Q

Artery: carotid

Part of body supplied?

A

Head and neck

24
Q

Name of artery: hepatic

Part of body supplied?

A

Liver

25
Q

Name of artery: renal

Part of body supplied?

A

Kidneys

26
Q

Name of artery: Iliac

Part of body supplied ?

A

Legs

27
Q

Name of artery : coronary

Part of body supplied :

A

Heart

28
Q

Differences between veins and arteries (5)

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood back to the heart. The blood in arteries is high pressure whereas the pressure in veins is much lower and therefore the walls do not contain as much elastic and muscle. Walls of arteries contain a thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres. Arteries have very narrow lumens which maintains the pressure but veins have much wider lumens. Veins have valves but arteries don’t.

29
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

A specialised cell adapted to oxygen transport

30
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

To transport cells, food molecules, carbon dioxide, hormones and urea

31
Q

Describe capillary vessels

A
  • Single layer of cells
  • Very small lumen
  • Molecules move in or out of blood stream and they are the sites of gas exchange
  • Low blood pressure
  • No valves
  • Have permeable walls
32
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood under high pressure away from the heart (usually oxygenated blood)

33
Q

What do veins do ?

A

Carry (usually deoxygenated) blood under low pressure towards the heart, with valves that maintain the direction of flow

34
Q

What are the effects of exercise on the pulse rate and heart ? (5)

A
  • Heart rate increases
  • This is to ensure that the exercising muscles have enough glucose and oxygen in order to release more energy during respiration
  • This also ensures that the extra carbon dioxide produced during respiration is taken away.
  • Blood pressure also increases as a greater volume of blood is being forced through the vessels
  • Exercise also strengthens the heart muscle, making it more efficient.
35
Q

Equation for cardiac output -

A

Volume of blood per beat x BPM

36
Q

What happens to the organ systems not directly involved in exercise during exercise?

A

The blood flow to them is reduced as the vessels leading to these organs are constructed. Additionally blood flow to the skin is increased as this helps the body release heat, a by-product of exercise

37
Q

Why do veins have large lumens ? (2)

A
  • Reduces friction

- Further aids the movement of blood

38
Q

Suggest one reason why it is necessary that blood pressure is low in the capillaries

A
  • the blood pressure needs to be low since the capillaries only have walls that are one cell thick to be permeable and allow diffusion to take place

Fifth Year Biology (13 decks)

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