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Biology > The Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Most common elements

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrate
Phosphorus
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1
Q

Biochemistry

A

The chemistry of life

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2
Q

Where are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen found?

A

In carbohydrates and lipids

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3
Q

Where are nitrates found?

A

In amino acids as proteins, coenzymes, ATP

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4
Q

Co enzymes

A

Enzymes that work with other enzymes to do a function

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5
Q

Where is Phosphorus found?

A

In phospholipids, ATP, RNA, NADP, NAD

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6
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

They make up the cell membrane

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7
Q

What are the 3 major minerals

A

Calcium
Iron
Sodium

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8
Q

Where is calcium found and what is is used for?

A

Bones and teeth
Nerve impulse transmission
Muscle contraction
Cell walls in plants

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9
Q

Where is iron found and what is it used for?

A

Haemoglobin

Photosynthesis in plants

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10
Q

What is sodium used for?

A

Nerve impulse transmission

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11
Q

Ca

A

Calcium

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12
Q

Fe

A

Iron

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13
Q

Na

A

Sodium

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14
Q

C

A

Carbon

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15
Q

H

A

Hydrogen

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16
Q

O

A

Oxygen

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17
Q

N

A

Nitrate

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18
Q

P

A

Phosphorus

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19
Q

What is water?

A
  • In a covalent bond with electrons shared equally

- electronegative

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20
Q

Electronegative

A

Electrons pulled around O

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21
Q

What is special about O and water?

A
  • Has free electrons (not involved in the covalent bonds)

- has 2 slightly negative regions

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22
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Physically attached

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23
Q

How do water molecules bond?

A

With hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

How many bonds do water solids have?

A

4 h-bonds max

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25
Q

How many bonds does water have?

A

2-3 h-bonds

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26
Q

How many bonds do water vapor have?

A

None

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27
Q

Is water polar?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Which molecules are water attracted to?

A

Other polar molecules

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29
Q

What are the properties of water?

A 
Transparency
Cohesion
Adhesion
Capillary action
Solvent properties
Thermal properties
High heat of vaporization
In compressibility
Habitat
Freezing properties
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30
Q

Transparency

A

Light penetration

Used by water plants, the eye

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31
Q

Cohesion

A

H-bonds because of polarity:
- sticks to other molecules

Surface tension

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32
Q

Adhesion

A

Molecules of water stick to molecules of other type

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33
Q

Capillary action

A

Cohesion + adhesion:

Movement of water in a column in thin tubes (xylem)

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34
Q

Solvent properties

A

Polarity:

- water attracts all polar molecules to its polar ends

35
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attracts to water and can be dissolved because these molecules are polar

Salt, reducing sugars. AA

36
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Away from water because they aren’t polar and therefore can’t be dissolved

All fats, some hormones, steroids, vitamins

37
Q

Thermal properties

A

Specific heat capacity is higher than of other substances due to h-bonds

38
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Amount of heat in calcium needed to raise the temp. Of 1g of water by 1 degree celcius

39
Q

Do thermal properties need lots of energy?

A

Yes

40
Q

Examples of thermal properties at work:

A

Amniotic fluid-maintains temp
Animals cool down in water
Aquatic animals maintain body temp

41
Q

High heat of vaporization

A

Turning liquid to gas - eat is absorbed during evaporation and acts as a coolant

Sweating, transpiration

42
Q

In compressibility

A

Due to h-bonds

Hydro skeleton
Amniotic fluid
Synovial fluid

43
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Fluid in joints

44
Q

Habitat

A

All properties

45
Q

Freezing properties

A

Less sense when frozen –expansion leads to Ice floating

46
Q

Organic molecules

A

Molecules of carbon

47
Q

Carbon

A

Tetravalent

Forms long chains

48
Q

Tetravalent

A

4 different bonds

49
Q

Organic compounds

A

Compounds containing carbon found in living organisms – not including carbonated, hydrogen carbonates, CO2 or CO and is often based on a skeleton of carbon

50
Q

4 principal groups

A

Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Sugars

51
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organization: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

52
Q

Saccharides

A

Sugars

53
Q

Monosaccharides

A 
5C pentoses (ribose, deoxyribose)
6C hexoses (glucose, fructose, galactose)
54
Q

1-4 glycosidic bond to form disaccharides

A

The two sugars are joined by condensation and may be broken by hydrolysis

55
Q

Side effect of condensation

A

Water

56
Q

Polysaccharides

A

3 or more molecules joined
Macrolecules
Common ones based upon glucose

57
Q

Branched polysaccharides

A

Amylose
Amylopectin
= starches

58
Q

Structure of a starch molecule

A

A chain of glucose molecules
Shape of a helix cuz of hbonds

Found in food plants - store of energy

59
Q

Structure of a glycogen molecule

A

Branched molecules:
- 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Storage of energy for animals

60
Q

Structure of cellulose

A

Chain of glucose molecules
Connected in ladder form by hbonds

Cell wall

61
Q

Carbohydrates functions

A

Sugars:

  • maintain osmosis
  • transport energy reserve
  • energy substrate
  • energy store
  • flavoring
  • building blocks of polysaccharides, neucliotides
62
Q

Polysaccharides (hydrophobic)

A
  • Osmotically inactive carbohydrate storage (seeds, roots, chloroplasts)
  • structural (cellulose in plants)
63
Q

Glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

64
Q

7 monosaccharides formula

A

(C6H12O6) x 7 - (H2O) x 6

= C42H72O36

65
Q

Amino acids

A 
Amino group +
Carboxyl group +
Hydrogen +
Variable 
each joined to central carbon atom
66
Q

Types of amino acids

A 
21
Hydrophilic (polar)
Neutralized at pH7
Residues are side chains which give 
     the individual properties (ionized, 
     neutralizes, etc.)
67
Q

Functions of amino acids

A 
Protein synthesis
Energy reserve
Hormones
Essential amino acids cannot be
     made, must be eaten
68
Q

Protein

A

Made of 2 or more polypeptides combined

69
Q

Polypeptide

A

A molecule made by condensation of 3 or more amino acids

70
Q

Lipids

A 
C
H
O
Hydrophobic
More hydrogen than carbohydrates
71
Q

Fatty acids

A

Carboxylic acid +

long hydrocarbon chain

72
Q

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

A

Double/triple bond

73
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A 
No double bonds
Abundant in fats
More reduced
More energy
High melting point
74
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A 
One of more double bonds
Abundant in oils
Less reduced
Less energy
Low melting point
75
Q

Phospholipids

A

Build the membrane

76
Q

Other lipids

A

Steroids

Waxes

77
Q

Purpose of steroids

A 
Cell membrane structure
Digestion
Hormones
Vitamins
Poisons
78
Q

Purpose of waxes

A

Waterproof coating to leaves, fur,
feathers, etc.
Insect exoskeleton

79
Q

Glycogen

A 
Stored in liver cell in animals
Short term energy storage
Quick release of energy 
     (easy digestion)
1/2 as much energy used by lipids
More soluble in water than lipids
80
Q

Lipids

A 
Stored in plants and animal cells
Long term energy storage
Slower release of energy 
     (stored in adipose tissue)
Twice as much energy as carbs
Hydrophobic
81
Q

Organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Glucose

82
Q

How are organic compounds brown down?

A

By enzymes in a controlled process

83
Q

Glycolysis

A

No oxygen
In cytoplasm
2 ATP (produced from 1 glucose)
2 pyruvates (3 C molecules)

84
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Pyruvates (3C) converted into:
- lactate (lactic acid in humans)
- ethanol and CO2 in yeast
(Toxic substances which are produced in small quantities and have to be removed)

85
Q

Formula for lactate

A

2C3H6O3

86
Q

Formula for ethanol

A

2C2H5OH

Biology (6 decks)

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