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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Full name of RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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1
Q

Central dogma of genetics

A

“DNA encodes the information to make RNA and RNA molecules function together to make proteins” - Francis Crick, 1970

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2
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

All over the cell:

  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts
  • ribosome
  • soluble part of cytoplasm
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3
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

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4
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

transcribes DNA to RNA

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5
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

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6
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Transfers amino acids

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7
Q

Transcription, translation, and gene expression

A

When one section of DNA is rewritten into RNA to be then coded as a protein

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8
Q

Steps of transcription

A
  1. Helicase separates the two strands of DNA by breaking the H-bonds
  2. RNA polymerase bonds the free nucleotides to one polymerase to create new strands of RNA
  3. mRNA elongates until the terminator sequence of nucleotides
  4. RNA polymerase detaches from DNA along with mRNA
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9
Q

What is the base DNA strand for transcription?

A

DNA strand 3’-5’

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10
Q

What is the new RNA strand in transcription?

A

5’-3’

It is complementary to the base, but with U instead of T

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11
Q

Anticodon

A

Triplet of nucleotides on tRNA which attaches to mRNA

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12
Q

Codon

A

Triplet of nucleotides on mRNA

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13
Q

What is the complementary bond in transcription?

A

Anticodon

Codon

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14
Q

Describe the process of tRNA

A
  1. Anticodon comes with amino acids to synthesize proteins
  2. Ribosomes move along mRNA and another anticodon comes to synthesize next set of proteins once more as the free anticodon leaves
  3. Process continues until STOP codon is reached
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15
Q

What is the first code for translation?

A

AUG code (met)

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16
Q

The genetic code

A

A sequence of codons in mRNA

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17
Q

T/F: the genetic code is not nucleotides in DNA.

A

True

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18
Q

Introns

A

Structures in DNA that need to be cut out as they do not code any proteins

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19
Q

Exons

A

The DNA sequences that code for proteins

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20
Q

Is the genetic code degenerate?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Degenerate

A

Can mutate

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22
Q

The degeneracy code

A
  • A few amino acids are coded for by a single codon
  • most are coded for by more than one codon
  • some are coded for by up to 6 codons
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23
Q

How is the genetic code a universal code?

A
  • Used by all organisms
  • Very ancient
  • Permits investigations into common ancestry
  • permits genetically transformed organisms
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24
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

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25
Q

How many codons code for amino acids?

A

21

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26
Q

How many codons are stop codons?

A

3

27
Q

What mutations can occur in the genetic code?

A

Addition
Substitution
Deletion

28
Q

Addition

A

A nitrogenous base is added

29
Q

Substitution

A

A nitrogenous base is replaced

30
Q

Deletion

A

A nitrogenous base is removed

31
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

Haemoglobin codon GAG becomes GTG

32
Q

Meiosis

A 
Division of chromatids
Final product: 4 cells
2 divisions
n
Haploid
Creates sex cells
33
Q

Benefits of meiosis

A

Increases variation:

  • crossing over in Prophase 1
  • independent assortment in metaphase 1
  • no replication of DNA after 1st division
  • Random fusion of sex cells
34
Q

Mitosis

A 
Final product: 2 cells
1 division
2n
Diploid
Produces: somatic cells
35
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells

36
Q

Haploid

A

Has half the number of chromosomes

37
Q

Diploid

A

Has the full number of chromosomes

38
Q

Independent assortment

A

Chromosomes line up in pairs

39
Q

Prophase 2

A
  • DNA condenses into visible chromosomes again

- new meiotic spindle fibers are formed

40
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Nuclear membrane disintegrates

Random orientation

41
Q

Random orientation

A

The individual chromosomes line up along the equator of each cell in no specific order

42
Q

Anaphase 2

A
  • Centromeres of each chromosome split releasing each sister chromatid as an individual chromosome
  • spindle fibers pull individual chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
  • because of random orientation, the chromatids could be pulled towards either of the newly forming daughter cells
43
Q

Telephase 2

A
  • chromosomes unwind their strands of DNA

- nuclear envelope forms around each of the four haploid cells, preparing them for cytokinesis

44
Q

Why is there an increased risk of having a mutation in the baby as the mother ages?

A

The woman’s egg gets older making down syndrome (for example) more likely

45
Q

Test cross

A

Testing a suspected heterozygous plant or animal by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive

46
Q

What is genetics?

A

The study if inheritance

47
Q

Which two aspects of inheritance are studied in particular?

A

Molecular genetics

Mendelian genetics

48
Q

Molecular genetics

A
  • Physical properties of molecules (DNA and RNA)

- central dogma of molecular biology

49
Q

Mendelian genetics

A

Analysis of inheritance

50
Q

Gene

A

One trait

51
Q

Allele

A

Form of a gene

52
Q

Locus

A

Position of gene

53
Q

F2 ratio

A

Phenotype: 3:1
Genotype: 1:2:1

54
Q

Mendel’s laws of inheritance

A

Law of segregation

Independent assortment

55
Q

Law of segregation

A

Alleles of each gene separate from eachother during gamete production

56
Q

Independent assortment

A

Alleles of each gene separates independently

57
Q

Pedigree charts

A

Used by genetic counselors to study the probability of inheriting a certain genetic disorder

58
Q

Purpose of law of segregation

A
  • Variation can be increased during reproduction
  • sex cells need to have half of genetic information to decrease chromosomes to half
  • inheritance of features
59
Q

Purpose of law of independent assortment

A

Random position of pairs if chromosomes during metaphase allows increased variation

60
Q

Mono hybrid inheritance

A

One feature is inherited by two possible alleles (dominant or recessive)

Phenotype: 3:1
Genotype: 1:2:1

61
Q

Codominance inheritance

A

2 alleles needed and both affect phenotype equally (heterozygous)

3 possible genotypes
3 possible phenotypes

62
Q

Codominance inheritance F1 Generation

A

Offspring of two homozygous parents: 100% heterozygous

63
Q

Codominant inheritance F2 generation

A

Offspring of two heterozygous parents:
Genotype: 1:2:1
Phenotype: 1:2:1

64
Q

Example of codominance

A

Blood groups

65
Q

How does the length of DNA affect how far it travels?

A

The smaller the DNA, the larger it travels

66
Q

Gene therapy as cystic fibrosis

A
  1. Healthy cell
  2. Restriction enzyme cuts gene
  3. Ligase replaces new gene in plasmid
  4. Plasmid gets put in membrane-bound structure (like an organelle)
  5. Structure put in a spray
  6. Patient inhales spray to replace gene

Biology (6 decks)

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