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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Thickness of a membrane measurement

A

10nm

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1
Q

Molecule measurement

A

1nm

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2
Q

Measurement of a virus

A

100nm

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3
Q

Bacteria measurement

A

1 micrometer

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4
Q

Measurement of an organelle

A

10 micrometers

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5
Q

Measurement of a cell

A

100 micrometers

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6
Q

1 mm = ___ micrometers

A

1000

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7
Q

1 mm = ___ nm

A

1,000,000

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8
Q

Functions of life

A 
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
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9
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions in a living organism in which energy is transformed and chemicals are broken

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10
Q

Hierarchy of biological order

A 
Physical
Chemical
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organs system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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11
Q

Emergent properties

A

As one goes to higher levels in this hierarchy, new properties emerge that are difficult to predict at lower levels

Ex. Life, multicellular organisms

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12
Q

Parts of a prokaryotic cell

A 
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Pili
Ribosome
Nucleoid
Cytoplasm
Flagella
*** has no organelles
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13
Q

Cell wall

A

Permeable
Made up by peptidoglycan
Shapes and protects

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14
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Type of carbohydrate

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15
Q

Cell membrane

A

Partially permeable

Mezozomes

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16
Q

Mezozomes

A

Folds in the cell membrane
Where enzymes for respiration take
place

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17
Q

Pili

A

Protein filaments protruding from
cell wall
Used for adhesion
Used when bacteria stick tether to form aggregations of cells

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Prokaryotic ribosomes are Smaller
than eukaryotic ribosomes
Synthesize proteins

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19
Q

Nucleoid

A

Naked

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20
Q

Naked

A

Not associated with proteins

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21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Has enzymes for reactions to take place

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22
Q

Flagella

A

Prokaryotic flagella: solid & inflexible
Eukaryotic flagella: flexible
Propels cell

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23
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Control center of cell –> provides instructions for protein synthesis
  • Spherical, oval shape
  • Eukaryotic cell
  • Surrounded by nuclear envelope with pores
  • Contains DNA
  • mRNA is modified in the nucleus before it is exported to the cytoplasm
  • contains nucleolus
  • has chromatin
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24
Q

Chromatin

A

Uncoiled chromosomes that are spread through the nucleus

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25
Q

Proteins

A

Act as hormones, enzymes, pigments, and structural components if organelles

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26
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where ribosomes are made

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27
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

2 layers

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28
Q

Inner nuclear envelope layer

A

Separates DNA from cytoplasm

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29
Q

Outer nuclear envelope layer

A

Ribosomes, connects to ER

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30
Q

Nuclear envelope pores

A

Transports water soluble molecules

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31
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Synthesized in the nucleus
  • Receives genetic instructions from the nucleus to synthesize proteins
  • some are attached to ER
    • -> leave cell
  • some float In cytoplasm
    • -> stay in cell
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32
Q

Subunits of ribosomes

A

Small subunit

Large subunit

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33
Q

Small ribosome subunit

A

In charge of information flow during protein synthesis

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34
Q

Large ribosome subunit

A

Contains the active site in which new peptide bonds are synthesized

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35
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

sER

rER

36
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Has ribosomes attached to external surface
  • proteins are found in cisterns
  • package is protein
37
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Involved in production of lipids
  • produces cholesterol which is part of the plasma membrane
  • produces steroid hormones
  • found in liver cells abundantly
  • involved in detoxication of substances
38
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Sacs bound by a single membrane
  • contain and transport enzymes
  • show little internal structure
  • circular
  • intracellular digestion
  • high contractions of proteins
39
Q

Digestive enzymes in lysosomes

A

Breakdown digestive food/bacteria

40
Q

Process of lysosomes

A
  1. Lysosomes enzymes and membranes are made by ER
  2. Transferred to Golgi apparatus for processing
  3. Budding of lysosomes at trans face of Golgi apparatus
41
Q

Peroxisome

A

Enzyme catalase for H2O2 found in lover cells and used by lysosomes

42
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • Eukaryotic organelles
  • Made up of cisternae stacks
  • Receives, modifies, packages, transports materials (ex, proteins)
  • involved in the transport of lipids around the cell and creation of lysosomes
  • major site for carbohydrate synthesis
43
Q

What happens to the Golgi apparatus during mitosis

A

It will break up and then reform during Telephase

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

Same size as bacteria cell
Has own DNA
Powerhouse
Maternal inheritance

45
Q

Membrane of the mitochondria

A

Outer: smooth
Inner: folded into cristae
Inter membrane space: between
membranes

46
Q

Cristae

A

Provide huge internal surface area for chemical reactions

47
Q

Why is the mitochondria known as the powerhouse?

A

Most reactions in the mitochondria involve the production of usable cellular energy

Ex. ATP from respiration

48
Q

Chloroplasts

A 
Plastics 
Site of photosynthesis
Contains chlorophyll
Has own DNA --> cpDNA
Double membrane
System of thylakoids
Grana
Stroma
49
Q

Plastids

A

Membrane bound organelles only in plants

50
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment used in photosynthesis
Found in membrane of thylakoid
Protein which contains magnesium

51
Q

Inner structures of chloroplasts

A

Granum

Thytakoid

52
Q

Granum

A

Stack of thytakoid

53
Q

Vacuoles

A

storage for a cell (water, salt, etc.)

Keep cell wall stiff

54
Q

Centrioles

A

Animal cells:

- Form spindle fibers during cell division

55
Q

Benefits of a light microscope

A

Cheap
Portable
Can observe in color

56
Q

Downsides of a light microscope

A 
Lower resolution
Lower magnification (1000x)
57
Q

Benefits of an electron microscope

A

Better resolution
Higher magnification
Stable

58
Q

Downsides of an electron microscope

A

Black and white

Expensive

59
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintains cell shape
Provides cytoplasm structure
Protects the cell

60
Q

Cons of therapeutic cloning

A 
Mutations can lead to Tumors
Low efficiency (10%)
Egg extraction is painful
Unavailability of eggs
Rise of black select organs
Overpopulation
Manipulation
61
Q

Cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Protein
Cholesterol

62
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails

1 phosphate group
2 fatty acid glycerol

63
Q

Fluid property

A

No stiff structures holding the hydrophobic tails in the phospholipid bilayer

64
Q

Protein of the cell membrane

A

Integral proteins

Peripheral proteins

65
Q

Integral proteins

A

Pump (active transport)

Channel (passive transport)

66
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Globular proteins:

  • antigens (identification)
  • hormone (binding side)
67
Q

Cholesterol of the cell membrane

A

Stabilizes membrane

68
Q

Thylakoids

A

A system of internal membranes (intense green)

69
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoid discs

70
Q

Stroma

A

Colorless liquid with many enzymes, sometimes starch, and lipid droplets

71
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The production of organic compounds involving the conversion of light energy into chemical energy

72
Q

Formula or photosynthesis

A

H2O + CO2 –> C6H12O6 + O2

(light energy)

73
Q

First quantitive experiment on photosynthesis

A

Helmont’s willow experiment, 1648

74
Q

Who discovered CO2?

A

Joseph priestly, 1733-1904

75
Q

Who discovered O2?

A

Joseph priestly, 1733-1904

76
Q

Who discovered the Calvin cycle?

A

Melvin Calvin, 1911-1997

77
Q

Sunlight

A

A form of electromagnetic radiation

78
Q

Why is chlorophyll green?

A

It absorbs light strongly in red and blue wavelengths, but reflects green

79
Q

Photolysis

A

Light energy splits water molecules to release H2, O2, an ATP from water. H2 is then used to make CO2 a carbohydrate, and O2 diffuses out into the surroundings as a waste product

80
Q

CO2 concentration post photolysis

A

A source of C
ATP provides energy
Bonds with H2 from photolysis

81
Q

Carbon fixation

A

Conversion of CO2 into solid/liquid carbon compounds

82
Q

Who carries out Cell respiration

A

Carried out by every cell in order to concert energy into a form that can be used within the cell

83
Q

Why is energy needed in a cell?

A

To synthesize large molecules
For active transport
To move structures around the cell

84
Q

Cell respiration

A

The controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP

85
Q

ATP

A

Supplies the energy for the cell processes wen split knot ADP and P

86
Q

Can ATP be absorbed through the plasma membrane?

A

No, so every cell produces it’s own supplies

87
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP

A

Breaking ATP to ADP

88
Q

The cell theory

A
  1. Living organisms are composed of cells
  2. Cells are the smallest unit of life
  3. Cells come from pre-existing cells

Biology (6 decks)

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