Enzymes Flashcards

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0
Q

What increases reaction rate?

A
  • Increasing the temperature
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1
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein molecule with catalytic properties due to it’s power of specific activation – ability to reduce activation energy to the reaction

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2
Q

How do enzymes increase the rate of reactions without rising the temperature?

A

Lowering the activation energy to create a new reaction pathway

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3
Q

How much faster a enzyme controlled reactions?

A

108-1011 times faster

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4
Q

Enzyme structure

A

Proteins
Globular shape
Complex 3D structure

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5
Q

Active site

A

Where reactions take place

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6
Q

How does the active site help speed up the reaction?

A

The shape and chemical environment inside the active site

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7
Q

Cofactors

A

An additional non-protein molecule that is needed by some enzymes to help the reaction

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8
Q

Coenzymes

A

Cofactors that are bound and released easily

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9
Q

Examples of coenzymes

A

Vitamins
FAD
NAD
NADP

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10
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

Tightly bound cofactors

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11
Q

Substrate

A

The reactants that are activated by the enzyme

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12
Q

Active sites and substrates

A

Lock and key idea

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13
Q

Factors affecting enzymes

A

Substrate concentration
pH
Temperature

Inhibitors: heat level

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14
Q

Substrate concentration for non-enzymic reactions

A

The increase in velocity is proportional to the substrate concentration (linear graph)

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15
Q

Saturation point

A

The point at which all active sites become filled in enzymic reactions

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16
Q

Optimum pH values for enzymes

A

Acidic: 3
Akeline: 8

17
Q

Example of acidic enzyme

A

Pepsin

18
Q

Example of alkaline enzyme

A

Trypsin

19
Q

Lactose

A

Milk sugar:

Galactose + glucose

20
Q

Nuceotides

A

Found in nucleus

21
Q

Single nucleotides

A

Mono nucleotides

22
Q

Many nuceotides

A

Polynucleotides

23
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Phosphate group
1of 4 nitrogen base
Sugar (deoxyribose)

24
Q

Nucleoside

A

DNA without a phosphate

25
Q

Pentose example

A

Ribose

26
Q

Pentose

A

A sugar with 5 carbons

27
Q

Two groups of nitrogenous bases

A

Purine

Pyrinide

28
Q

Purine

A

Adenine

Guanine

29
Q

Pyrinide

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

30
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA has one less oxygen

31
Q

Sister strands in DNA

A

Complementary but not identical

32
Q

How are the nitrogenous bases joined

A

Hydrogen bonds

33
Q

RNA

A
Polynucleotide
Single chain of nucleotides
Sugar
Nucleotides: A, G, C, U
All bonds covalent
Function: protein synthesis in the nucleus and cytoplasm
34
Q

Polynucleotide

A

Polymer if nucleotides

35
Q

Sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

36
Q

Types of RNA:

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

37
Q

DNA

A
Polynucleotide
Double chain of nucleotides
Sugar
Nucleotides: A, G, C, T
Covalent bonds between nucleotides 
H bonds between bases
Function: key role in inheritance and protein synthesis 
Antiparrallel strands
38
Q

Anti parallel strands

A

5 prime end and is opposite to a 3 prime end

78
Q

How are the nucleotides bonded in DNA

A

Covalent bonds

79
Q

Function of DNA

A

Key role in inheritance and protein synthesis