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General Biology 103 > The Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Everything is composed of

A

Matter and energy

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2
Q

Matter

A

takes up space

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3
Q

atoms

A

smallest level

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4
Q

protons

A

positive charge, heavy, and center of the atom

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5
Q

neutrons

A

no charge, heavy, and center of the atom

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6
Q

electrons

A

negative charge, light and orbit in shells

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7
Q

atoms are made up of

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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8
Q

atoms are

A

particles of elements - pure substance that cannot be broken down, building blocks of all substances

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9
Q

how many elements total?

A

118

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10
Q

the 6 elements that make up 97-99% of the human body

A 
C carbon
H hydrogen
O oxygen
N nitrogen
P phosphorus
S sulfur
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11
Q

What is the atomic number

A

the number of protons

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12
Q

the order of the element on the periodic table

A

Atomic number, element, symbol, atomic mass, and mass number

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13
Q

atomic mass

A

average mass of all isotopes - different forms of the same element

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14
Q

what makes up the mass number?

A

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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15
Q

molecule

A

chemical interactions between atoms

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16
Q

compound

A

interactions between different elements

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17
Q

All ___ are ____ but not all ___ are ___.

A

All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds

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18
Q

which element is particularly both a compound and a molecule?

A

water - H2O

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19
Q

How many electrons per orbital

A

2

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20
Q

Orbital

A

location of electron relative to the nucleus - exist in energy shells (rings)

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21
Q

First shell (1 orbital)

A

2 electrons

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22
Q

Second shell + 4 orbitals equals

A

8 electrons

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23
Q

oxygen has how many electrons?

A

2 in the first shell and 4 in the second, which leaves 2 spaces/voids and results in bonding

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24
Q

chemical bonds

A

an atom is stable when its ‘vacancies’ are filled; to fill these voids, atoms, share, steal or donate electrons; they form chemical bonds to hold atoms together

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25
Q

what are the three types of chemical bonds

A

covalent, ionic, and hydrogen

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26
Q

covalent bond

A

share electrons and strong bond

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27
Q

non-polar covalent

A

equal sharing of electrons

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28
Q

polar covalent

A

one atom ‘hogs’ electrons; no net charge but parts of molecule have a charge; head is positive and ears are negative

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29
Q

Ion

A

atom that has lost or gained electrons; has a net positive or negative charge

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30
Q

ionic bond

A

one atom donates electrons to another; opposites attract; strong (breaks easily in water); salt

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31
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

opposite partial charges attract; adjacent molecules or within larger molecules; weak bond; water!

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32
Q

chemical reactions

A

two or more molecules exchange atoms to make different molecules; bonds break and are re-formed; reactants and products

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33
Q

Water properties

A

water is cohesive; universal solvent; regulates temperature; expands; and chemical reactions

34
Q

water is cohesive

A

water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding and create surface tension

35
Q

solvent

A

chemical in which other substances dissolve

36
Q

solute

A

dissolved substances

37
Q

solution

A

solute(s) disolved in solvent

38
Q

water regulates temperature

A

water resists heat and holds heat and stabilize temperatures in Earth and our bodies

39
Q

Water expands in what 3 different forms?

A

liquid, solid and gas

40
Q

water creates chemical reactions

A

almost all of life’s chemical reactions take place in the watery solution that fills and surrounds cells

41
Q

hydrophilic substance:

A

water loving; polar (charged); readily dissolve in water (water is polar)

42
Q

hydrophobic substance

A

water fearing; non-polar; do not dissolve in water

43
Q

pH system

A

Used to measure how acidic or basic a solution is

44
Q

Acid

A

adds H+; pH 0.0-7.0

45
Q

Neutral

A

pH of 7.0

46
Q

Alkaline or Base

A

adds OH-; pH 7.0-14.0

47
Q

buffers

A

resist pH change

48
Q

Organic molecules

A

compounds that contain carbon – Hydrogen bonds (C-H)

49
Q

is CO2 organic

A

no

50
Q

what are the four main types of organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

51
Q

Carbohydrates

A

both simple and complex sugars

52
Q

simple sugars

A

mono and disaccharides; quick energy; sucrose and maltose

53
Q

complex sugars

A

polymers of monosaccharides; store energy and structural support; and starch and cellulose

54
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic, non-polar, and do not dissolve in water

55
Q

what are the three types of lipids

A

Triglycerides, Sterols, and Phospholipids

56
Q

Triglycerides

A

Carboxyl heads and fatty acid tails

57
Q

the two types of Triglycerides

A

Saturated fat and Unsaturated fat

58
Q

Saturated Fat

A

Fatty acid tails are saturated with H (hydrogen); straight tails; solid at room temperature (butter)

59
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Fatty acid tails are not saturated with H; bent or kinked tails; liquid at room temperature (vegetable oil)

60
Q

Trans Fats

A

addition of H to unsaturated fats to make them solid at room temperature

61
Q

Sterols

A

Ring structures; cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen

62
Q

Phospholipids

A

Make up cell membranes; phospholipid heads; fatty acid tails

63
Q

function of lipids

A

energy storage, protective, structural, and regulatory

64
Q

Proteins building blocks

A

Amino Acids (AA)

65
Q

How many total AA

A

20

66
Q

Primary structure of Amino Acids

A

long chains called polypeptides

67
Q

Polypeptides become proteins after folding

A

secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure

68
Q

Protein function

A

structural (collagen); contractile (muscle proteins); transport (Channel proteins); storage (egg protein); and enzyme (digestive

69
Q

which outside factors is protein vulnerable to

A

Heat, pH, salt; proteins denature – structure/shape is changed, function is destroyed; genetic mutations are also a possibility

70
Q

proteins: prions

A

infectious protein; mad-cow disease, chronic wasting disease; miss-folded protein (protein makes pleated sheets instead of helixes) (holes in brain tissue)

71
Q

what are nucleic acids made up of

A

nucleotides

72
Q

What are nucleotides

A

5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose); phosphate; nitrogenous base

73
Q

nitrogenous base

A

Adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)

74
Q

What are the 3 types of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, and ATP

75
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid - stores genetic material; double helix (spiral staircase) - double stranded; hydrogen bonds hold each strand of nucleotides

76
Q

nucleotide pairs

A

A with T and C with G

77
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid - protein production; single stranded; hydrogen bonds hold each strand of nucleotides

78
Q

nucleotide pairs

A

A with U and C with G

79
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate - modified RNA nucleotide; energy and storage

80
Q

Function of nucleic acids

A

store genetic material (DNA); make proteins (RNA); and energy storage (ATP)

General Biology 103 (8 decks)

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