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General Biology 103 > DNA replication and cell division > Flashcards

DNA replication and cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

reproduction

A

to survive, a species must reproduce

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2
Q

two types of reproduction

A

asexual and sexual

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3
Q

how sex cells reproduce (sexual)

A

meiosis

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4
Q

how somatic cells reproduce (sexual)

A

mitosis

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Genetic material and organelles are replicated; the cell divides into 2; genetically identical offspring; binary fission

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6
Q

meiosis

A

genetic material comes from 2 parents

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7
Q

gametes

A

sex cells that have half of the genetic material - genetic material is ‘mixed’ and redistributed

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8
Q

fertilization

A

egg and sperm unite to form 1 complete cell

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9
Q

mitosis

A

genetic material comes from 1 parent cell (type of asexual reproduction that sexually reproducing organisms do)

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10
Q

What is mitosis important for?

A

growth, repair, regeneration, reproduce (protists – asexually)

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11
Q

apoptosis

A

cell death - scheduled – normal part of development and very important for an organism - cell division and apoptosis occur at the same rate - they are ‘balanced’ so tissues don’t become too large or shrink

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12
Q

examples of apoptosis

A

chicken feet, duck feet, tadpole tail, sunburnt skin

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13
Q

DNA replication

A

before a cell divides it first must replicate its genome

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14
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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15
Q

how many chromosomes do bacteria have

A

only 1

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16
Q

DNA replication involves many

A

enzymes

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17
Q

DNA _____ adds new DNA _____

A

polymerase, nucleotides

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18
Q

____form covalent bonds between DNA segments

A

ligases

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19
Q

Bacteria get new genetic material from

A

mutation, transfer through a sex-pilus, and absorption

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20
Q

sex-pilus

A

appendage/tube connecting 2 bacterial cells temporarily

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21
Q

absorption

A

bacteria can absorb bits of genetic material from a dead cell

22
Q

DNA replication (prokaryote)

A

Parent cell contains one chromosome; DNA replicates and attaches to cell membrane; membrane growth between the two attachment points moves the DNA molecules apart as new cell wall material is deposited

23
Q

The result of binary fission

A

two daughter cells, each identical to the original

24
Q

Chromosome parts

A

chromatin, nucleosome, chromatid, and centromere

25
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and proteins

26
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins

27
Q

Chromatid

A

condensed chromosome (2) - sister chromatids

28
Q

centromere

A

small section of DNA that attaches sister chromatids together

29
Q

Phases of mitosis

A 
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
30
Q

Interphase

A

Most of the life of a cell is spent in interphase; chromosomes are not visible (chromatin is unwound); the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope are distinct and the chromosomes are in the form of threadlike chromatin

31
Q

three phases of interphase

A

G1 phase-gap 1
S phase-synthesis
G2 phase-gap 2

32
Q

G1 phase - gap 1

A

cell carries out its basic functions - it grows and produces molecules to build new organelles

33
Q

S phase - synthesis

A

Cell replicates its genetic material and repairs DNA

34
Q

G2 phase - gap 2

A

cell prepares to divide and produces proteins for mitosis

35
Q

prophase

A

DNA coils tighter and is visible; mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes and makes spindle fibers; centrosome (centrioles) help organize the spindle fibers; nuclear envelope breaks down; the chromosomes appear condensed and the nuclear envelope is not apparent

36
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the cell by the spindle

37
Q

telophase

A

mitotic spindle disassembles; chromosomes begin to unwind; nuclear envelope forms; early signs of cytokinesis starting

38
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm splits; 2 daughter cells are formed

39
Q

diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes (1 from each parent)

40
Q

Cancer

A

cell doesn’t know when to stop

41
Q

a normal cell has

A

chemical regulation to tell it when to divide and when to stop

42
Q

tumor

A

abnormal mass of tissue

43
Q

benign tumor

A

slow growing and usually harmless unless they get too large and interfere with other tissue; have a tough capsule surrounding mass

44
Q

malignant tumor

A

invades adjoining tissue; no surrounding capsule so it can metastasize - cells can break off and travel to other parts of the body

45
Q

genetic cancer

A

mutated genes inherited from parents or errors during development

46
Q

environmental cancer

A

exposure to chemicals, radiation, viruses

47
Q

How to treat cancer

A

removal of tissue, drug therapy, radiation therapy

48
Q

chemotherapy and radiation therapy

A

both target rapidly dividing cells

49
Q

rapidly dividing cells include

A

both cancerous and healthy cells

50
Q

side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

A

fatigue, hair loss, nausea, weakened immune system

51
Q

success of treatment depends on

A

type of cancer, stage of cancer, where it is located, and if it has metastasized or moved

General Biology 103 (8 decks)

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