Forces of Evolutionary change - part 2

Question 1

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 1

Population relies on the relationship between allele and genotype frequencies

Question 2

Allele Frequency =

Answer 2

number of an allele/total number of alleles

Question 3

Genotype frequency =

Answer 3

number of individuals with a specific genotype/size of population

Question 4

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium situation

Answer 4

highly unlikely situation in which allele frequencies and genotype frequencies do NOT change from one generation to the next

Question 5

5 assumptions that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 5

1. Natural selection does not occur
2. Mutations do not occur
3. Population is large
4. Mating is random
5. No immigration or emigration

Question 6

Allele frequency equations

Answer 6

p+q=I

D+d=I (fur color_

Question 7

use allele frequency to calculate genotype frequency

Answer 7

p to the second power + 2pq + q to the second power = I

Question 8

Proportion of DD =

Answer 8

p to the second power

Question 9

5 assumptions that would never happen with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 9

1. Some phenotypes are better adapted to an environment than others
2. Mutations introduce new alleles
3. Allele frequencies change due to chance (genetic drift)
4. Individuals in closed groups (non-random mating)
5. Migration among populations

Question 10

3 types of natural selection

Answer 10

Directional, disruptive and stabilizing selection

Question 11

Directional natural selection

Answer 11

One extreme is the fittest

Question 12

Disruptive natural selection

Answer 12

Extremes are selected

Question 13

Stabilizing Natural Selection

Answer 13

Extremes are less fit than intermediate

Question 14

example of stabilizing selection

Answer 14

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 15

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 15

Sickle-shaped RBC

Question 16

Sickle Cell Anemia - Homozygous dominant

Answer 16

no resistance to malaria

Question 17

Sickle Cell Anemia - Heterozygous

Answer 17

Mildly affected some RBC are affected and resistance to malaria

Question 18

Sickle Cell Anemia - Homozygous recessive

Answer 18

All RBC affected, anemia, joint pain, may not live to reproduce, and resistance to malaria

Question 19

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 19

Males and females appear differently - size, structures and color

Question 20

sexual selection

Answer 20

(type of natural selection) - variation in the ability to find a mate; one sex may battle for a mate and one sex chooses a mate from multiple individuals

Question 21

Genetic drift

Answer 21

change in allele frequency due to chance

Question 22

founder effect

Answer 22

small group of individuals separates from its home population and establishes a new population

Question 23

Bottleneck effect

Answer 23

a population drops quickly over time

Question 24

Mate selection

Answer 24

leads to non-random mating; most species exhibit a preference in mate choice

Question 25

migration

Answer 25

moves alleles between populations