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General Biology 103 > Cells - lecture 2 > Flashcards

Cells - lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cells

A

smallest unit of life that can function independently

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2
Q

who coined the term “cells?”

A

Robert Hooke (1660)

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3
Q

cell theory

A

all organisms are made up of cells; the cell is the base unit for all life; all cells come from pre-existing cells

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4
Q

what do all cells contain?

A

DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

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5
Q

why are cells so small?

A

everything is transported across the cell membrane and the smaller the object, the smaller surface area to volume ratio

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6
Q

what are the two types of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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7
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

no membrane-bound nucleus (nucleoid), small with few structures

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8
Q

prokaryotic domain

A

bacteria and archaea

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

membrane-bound nucleus, internal structures bound by membranes called organelles

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10
Q

eukaryotic domain

A

Eukarya

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11
Q

Prokaryotes consist of

A

cell wall (sometimes a capsule), cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleoid (DNA)

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12
Q

Eukaryotes consist of

A

one or more cells, animal and plant cells, made up of organelles (‘little organs’) and each has its own function(s)

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13
Q

cell membrane

A

all cells have one, made of phospholipids, phospholipid bilayer (phospholipid head and fatty acid tails)

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14
Q

what would happen if phospholipids were added to water?

A
  1. form a layer on the surface
  2. form spherical droplets (single layer)
  3. orient so the heads interact with the water and tails point away from the water (double layer)
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15
Q

What can freely pass through cell membranes

A

lipids and small, non-polar molecules

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16
Q

what cannot freely pass through cell membranes

A

ions and polar molecules (due to hydrophobic interior)

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17
Q

Diffusion

A

the cell has no control over the movement of water and moves until equilibrium is reached

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18
Q

Fluid mosaic - what are cell membranes made up of

A

Sterols, phospholipids, proteins, and enzymes

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19
Q

what do the sterols and phospholipids provide for the cell membrane?

A

structural support

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20
Q

What do proteins provide for the cell membrane?

A

transport, adhesion, recognition, and receptor

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21
Q

What do enzymes provide for the cell membrane?

A

facilitate chemical reactions

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22
Q

Cell wall

A

plant cells and bacteria, made of carbohydrates which are structural and protective

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23
Q

Inside the cell

A

cytoplasm, organelles, and proteins

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24
Q

what does the nucleus contain?

A

enclosed by a membrane; contains a cells DNA (genetic material); control center; contains the nucleolus

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25
Q

what does the nucleolus do

A

assemble components of ribosomes - parts come together once they leave the nucleus to become ribosomes in the cytoplasm

26
Q

Ribosomes

A

small (no membrane) - assembles amino acids into proteins

27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

network of sacs and tubules which make lipids and proteins

28
Q

Rough ER

A

make proteins and studded with ribosomes (rough appearance)

29
Q

Smooth ER

A

make lipids and detoxify drugs and poisons

30
Q

Vesicles

A

Transport and store - consist of small sacs

31
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Flat sacs and process proteins by folding (makes them functional)

32
Q

Digestive organelles

A

Lysosome, Vacuole and Peroxisome

33
Q

Lysosome

A

Dismantle and digest damaged/old organelles and debris

34
Q

External functions of lysosome

A

tail of frog and the head of sperm to help break through the egg wall

35
Q

Vacuole

A

Dismantle and digest organelles and act as water storage/protect agains turgor pressure

36
Q

Peroxisome

A

dispose of toxic substance

37
Q

Chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis occurs and contain their own DNA and ribosomes

38
Q

what are chloroplasts made of

A

Membrane - inner and outer, stroma, thylakoids, and grana

39
Q

stroma

A

enzyme rich fluid

40
Q

thylakoids

A

flattened sacs within stroma

41
Q

grana

A

interconnected stacks of thylakoids

42
Q

Mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell, extract energy from food, and contain their own DNA and ribosomes

43
Q

What are mitochondria made up of

A

inner and outer membrane and Cristae

44
Q

cristae

A

folds of inner membrane which increase surface area of mitochondria

45
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Evidence suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living organisms (bacteria)

46
Q

Why do we think m and c were free-living organisms?

A

Similar in size, shape and membrane structure as some types of bacteria; double membrane: lysosome/vacuole; replicate via binary fission as bacteria do; photosynthetic pigments and cyanobacteria; and DNA shows a close relationship

47
Q

DNA close relationships with mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Mitochondria to aerobic bacteria and chloroplasts to cyanobacteria

48
Q

How does the cytoskeleton contribute to the cell

A

structural and movement

49
Q

3 components of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilament, intermediate filament, and microtubules

50
Q

Microfilament

A

composed of actin, stretching and compression (movement)

51
Q

intermediate filament

A

maintain cell shape

52
Q

microtubules

A

composed of tubular, movement of proteins and organelles, and important in cell division

53
Q

Centrosomes contain

A

centrioles

54
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

allow a cell to move

55
Q

cilia

A

shorter and lots of them

56
Q

flagella

A

longer and 1-2 of them

57
Q

How do plant cells communicate?

A

plasmodesmata

58
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels that connect adjacent cells - cytoplasm of one cell can interact with adjacent cell’s cytoplasm

59
Q

how do animal cells communicate?

A

Can secrete a matrix that holds cells together (cells are not in direct contact with one another) and form junctions or direct contact

60
Q

Tight junction

A

cells are fused together (impermeable), “blood-brain barrier”, and lipid-soluble drugs can still pass

61
Q

anchoring junction

A

linking intermediate filaments together

62
Q

gap junction

A

protein channel that links cytoplasm of adjacent cells and analogous to the plasmodesmata

General Biology 103 (8 decks)

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