Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Biology 103 > Cells - lecture 2 > Flashcards

Cells - lecture 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cells

A

smallest unit of life that can function independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

who coined the term “cells?”

A

Robert Hooke (1660)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cell theory

A

all organisms are made up of cells; the cell is the base unit for all life; all cells come from pre-existing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do all cells contain?

A

DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why are cells so small?

A

everything is transported across the cell membrane and the smaller the object, the smaller surface area to volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two types of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

no membrane-bound nucleus (nucleoid), small with few structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

prokaryotic domain

A

bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

membrane-bound nucleus, internal structures bound by membranes called organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

eukaryotic domain

A

Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prokaryotes consist of

A

cell wall (sometimes a capsule), cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleoid (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Eukaryotes consist of

A

one or more cells, animal and plant cells, made up of organelles (‘little organs’) and each has its own function(s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cell membrane

A

all cells have one, made of phospholipids, phospholipid bilayer (phospholipid head and fatty acid tails)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what would happen if phospholipids were added to water?

A
  1. form a layer on the surface
  2. form spherical droplets (single layer)
  3. orient so the heads interact with the water and tails point away from the water (double layer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can freely pass through cell membranes

A

lipids and small, non-polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what cannot freely pass through cell membranes

A

ions and polar molecules (due to hydrophobic interior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diffusion

A

the cell has no control over the movement of water and moves until equilibrium is reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fluid mosaic - what are cell membranes made up of

A

Sterols, phospholipids, proteins, and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do the sterols and phospholipids provide for the cell membrane?

A

structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do proteins provide for the cell membrane?

A

transport, adhesion, recognition, and receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do enzymes provide for the cell membrane?

A

facilitate chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cell wall

A

plant cells and bacteria, made of carbohydrates which are structural and protective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Inside the cell

A

cytoplasm, organelles, and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the nucleus contain?

A

enclosed by a membrane; contains a cells DNA (genetic material); control center; contains the nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the nucleolus do

A

assemble components of ribosomes - parts come together once they leave the nucleus to become ribosomes in the cytoplasm

26
Q

Ribosomes

A

small (no membrane) - assembles amino acids into proteins

27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

network of sacs and tubules which make lipids and proteins

28
Q

Rough ER

A

make proteins and studded with ribosomes (rough appearance)

29
Q

Smooth ER

A

make lipids and detoxify drugs and poisons

30
Q

Vesicles

A

Transport and store - consist of small sacs

31
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Flat sacs and process proteins by folding (makes them functional)

32
Q

Digestive organelles

A

Lysosome, Vacuole and Peroxisome

33
Q

Lysosome

A

Dismantle and digest damaged/old organelles and debris

34
Q

External functions of lysosome

A

tail of frog and the head of sperm to help break through the egg wall

35
Q

Vacuole

A

Dismantle and digest organelles and act as water storage/protect agains turgor pressure

36
Q

Peroxisome

A

dispose of toxic substance

37
Q

Chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis occurs and contain their own DNA and ribosomes

38
Q

what are chloroplasts made of

A

Membrane - inner and outer, stroma, thylakoids, and grana

39
Q

stroma

A

enzyme rich fluid

40
Q

thylakoids

A

flattened sacs within stroma

41
Q

grana

A

interconnected stacks of thylakoids

42
Q

Mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell, extract energy from food, and contain their own DNA and ribosomes

43
Q

What are mitochondria made up of

A

inner and outer membrane and Cristae

44
Q

cristae

A

folds of inner membrane which increase surface area of mitochondria

45
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Evidence suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living organisms (bacteria)

46
Q

Why do we think m and c were free-living organisms?

A

Similar in size, shape and membrane structure as some types of bacteria; double membrane: lysosome/vacuole; replicate via binary fission as bacteria do; photosynthetic pigments and cyanobacteria; and DNA shows a close relationship

47
Q

DNA close relationships with mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Mitochondria to aerobic bacteria and chloroplasts to cyanobacteria

48
Q

How does the cytoskeleton contribute to the cell

A

structural and movement

49
Q

3 components of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilament, intermediate filament, and microtubules

50
Q

Microfilament

A

composed of actin, stretching and compression (movement)

51
Q

intermediate filament

A

maintain cell shape

52
Q

microtubules

A

composed of tubular, movement of proteins and organelles, and important in cell division

53
Q

Centrosomes contain

A

centrioles

54
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

allow a cell to move

55
Q

cilia

A

shorter and lots of them

56
Q

flagella

A

longer and 1-2 of them

57
Q

How do plant cells communicate?

A

plasmodesmata

58
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels that connect adjacent cells - cytoplasm of one cell can interact with adjacent cell’s cytoplasm

59
Q

how do animal cells communicate?

A

Can secrete a matrix that holds cells together (cells are not in direct contact with one another) and form junctions or direct contact

60
Q

Tight junction

A

cells are fused together (impermeable), “blood-brain barrier”, and lipid-soluble drugs can still pass

61
Q

anchoring junction

A

linking intermediate filaments together

62
Q

gap junction

A

protein channel that links cytoplasm of adjacent cells and analogous to the plasmodesmata

General Biology 103 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions