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Genetics > The Chemical Nature Of The Gene > Flashcards

The Chemical Nature Of The Gene Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What Is Fred Griffiths Experiment?

A

An experiment that converted of a non-pathogenic pneumococcal bacteria to a virulent strain in mice and identified a transforming principle.

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2
Q

Characteristics Of Genetic Material

A

It stores information, replicate faithfully, encode the phenotype and has the capacity to vary.

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3
Q

Chargaffs Rules

A

Rules developed concerning the ratios of bases in DNA.

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4
Q

Transforming Principle

A

Substance responsible for transformation and is now known to be DNA.

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5
Q

Nucleotide

A

Repeating unit of DNA or RNA made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

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6
Q

Avery, Macleod and McCarty’s Experiment

A

An experiment showed that DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes.

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7
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A

Nitrogen-containing base that is one of the three parts of a nucleotide

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8
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Five-carbon sugar in DNA; lacks a hydroxyl group on the 2’-carbon atom.

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9
Q

Ribose

A

Five-carbon sugar in RNA; has a hydroxyl group attached to the 2’-carbon atom.

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10
Q

Hersey Chase Experiment

A

An experiment showed that phages only injected their DNA into host bacteria, and that the DNA served as the replicating genetic element of phages.

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11
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA. These include cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

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12
Q

Uracil

A

(U) - Pyrimidine base in RNA.

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13
Q

Cytosine

A

(C) - Pyrimidine base in DNA and RNA.

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14
Q

Adenine

A

(A) - Purine base in DNA and RNA.

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15
Q

Guanine

A

(G) - Purine base in DNA and RNA.

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16
Q

Thymine

A

(T) - Pyrimidine base in DNA.

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17
Q

Purine

A

Type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA. These include adenine and guanine.

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18
Q

Nucleoside

A

Ribose or deoxyribose bonded to a nitrogenous base.

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19
Q

Phosphate Group

A

A phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; one of the three components of a nucleotide.

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20
Q

Ribonucleotide

A

Basic building block of RNA, consisting of ribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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21
Q

Deoxyribonucleotide

A

Basic building block of DNA, consisting of deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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22
Q

Phosphodiester Linkage

A

A strong covalent bond that joins the 5’-phosphate group of one nucleotide to the 3’-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide in a polynucleotide strand.

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23
Q

DNA double helix

A

A DNA molecule is made up of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder in a helix-like shape. Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar and phosphate groups and the two stands are connected by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases.

24
Q

Polynucleotide Strand

A

Series of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds.

25
Q

Antiparallel

A

The orientation of the two polynucleotide strands of the DNA double helix in opposite directions.

26
Q

5’ End

A

End of a polynucleotide chain at which a phosphate group is attached to the 5’-carbon atom of the sugar in the nucleotide.

27
Q

3’ End

A

End of a polynucleotide chain at which an OH group is attached to the 3’-carbon atom of the sugar in the nucleotide.

28
Q

Complementary DNA Strands

A

Nucleotide strands of DNA in which each purine on one strand pairs with a specific pyrimidine on the opposite strand (A pairs with T, and G pairs with C).

29
Q

Replication

A

Process by which DNA is synthesized from a single-stranded nucleotide template.

30
Q

Transcription

A

Process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.

31
Q

Translation

A

Process by which a protein is assembled from information contained in mRNA.

32
Q

Supercoiling

A

Tertiary structure that forms when strain is placed on a DNA helix by overrotation or underrotation.

33
Q

Central Dogma

A

Concept that genetic information passes from DNA to protein in a one-way information pathway.

34
Q

Bacterial Chromosome

A

A circular chromosome found in the nucleoid whereby there are no free ends to the DNA.

35
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Enzyme that adds or removes rotations in a DNA helix by temporarily breaking nucleotide strands; controls the degree of DNA supercoiling.

36
Q

Euchromatin

A

Chromatin that undergoes the normal process of condensation and decondensation in the course of the cell cycle.

37
Q

Nucleoid

A

Bacterial DNA confined to a definite region of the cytoplasm.

38
Q

Eukaryotic Chromosome

A

Linear chromosome found in the nucleus whereby DNA is tightly wound around clusters of histone proteins.

39
Q

Relaxed State Of DNA

A

Energy state of a DNA molecule when there is no structural strain on the molecule.

40
Q

Linker DNA

A

Stretch of DNA separating two nucleosomes.

41
Q

Histone

A

Low-molecular-weight protein found in eukaryotes that associates closely with DNA to form chromosomes.

42
Q

30 - nm fiber

A

Higher level DNA supercoiling that consists of a helical array of nucleosomes in chromatin.

43
Q

300 - nm loops

A

Higher level DNA supercoiling whereby the 30-nanometer chromatin fiber forms loops averaging 300 nanometers in length.

44
Q

Nucleosome

A

Basic repeating unit of chromatin, consisting of a core of eight histone proteins and DNA that wraps around the core about two times.

45
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Chromatin that remains in a highly condensed state throughout the cell cycle; found at the centromeres and telomeres of most chromosomes.

46
Q

250 - nm Fiber

A

The 300 nm fibers in chromatin are compressed and folded to produce a 250 nm-wide fiber, which is tightly coiled into the chromatid of a chromosome.

47
Q

Telomeric Sequence

A

Sequence found at the ends of a chromosome; consists of many copies of short, simple sequences repeated one after the other.

48
Q

Unique-Sequence DNA

A

DNA sequence that is present only once or, at most, a few times in the genome.

49
Q

C-Value

A

Amount of DNA per cell in an organism.

50
Q

Shelterin

A

Multiprotein complex that binds to telomeres and protects the ends of the DNA from being inadvertently repaired as a double-stranded break in the DNA.

51
Q

Interspersed Repeat Sequence

A

Repeated sequences that are scattered throughout the genome.

52
Q

Highly Repetitive DNA

A

DNA that consists of short sequences that are present in hundreds of thousands to millions of copies that are repeated in tandem and are clustered in certain regions of chromosomes.

53
Q

Moderately Repetitive DNA

A

A major class of repetitive DNA, which typically consists of sequences from 150 to 300 bp in length that are repeated thousands of times.

54
Q

Repetitive DNA

A

DNA sequences that exist in multiple copies in a genome.

55
Q

Tandem Repeat Sequence

A

Type of moderately repetitive DNA in which sequences are repeated one after another; tend to be clustered at specific locations on a chromosome.

Genetics (13 decks)

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