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Genetics > Chromosomes And Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Chromosomes And Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria

A

One of the three primary divisions of life, consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms.

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2
Q

Histone

A

Low-molecular-weight protein found in eukaryotes that associates closely with DNA to form chromosomes.

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

Material found in the eukaryotic nucleus; consists of DNA and histone proteins.

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4
Q

Prokaryote

A

Unicellular organism with a relatively simple cell structure. Prokaryotes include bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea.

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Compartment in eukaryotic cells that is enclosed by the nuclear membrane and contains the genetic material.

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6
Q

Archaea

A

One of the three primary divisions of life, consisting of unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cell structure.

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7
Q

Eukaryote

A

One of the three primary divisions of life; an organism that has a compartmentalized cell structure, including a nuclear envelope and membrane-bounded organelles. Eukaryotes may be unicellular or multicellular.

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8
Q

Diploid

A

Possessing two sets of chromosomes.

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9
Q

Spindle Microtubules

A
  • Microtubule that moves chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis.
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10
Q

Submetacentric

A
  • Chromosome in which the centromere is displaced toward one end, producing a short arm and a long arm.
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11
Q

Homologous Pair

A
  • A pair of chromosomes that are alike in structure and size and that carry genetic information for the same set of hereditary characteristics. One chromosome of a homologous pair is inherited from the male parent, and the other is inherited from the female parent.
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12
Q

Haploid

A
  • Possessing a single set of chromosomes.
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13
Q

Centromere

A
  • Constricted region on a chromosome that stains less strongly than the rest of the chromosome; serves as the attachment point for spindle microtubules.
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14
Q

Formulas 2n and n

A
  • The total number of chromosomes in diploid cells is described as 2n, which is twice the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell (n).
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15
Q

Metacentric

A
  • Chromosome in which the two chromosome arms are approximately the same length.
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16
Q

Telocentric

A
  • Chromosome in which the centromere is at or very near one end.
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17
Q

Kinetochore

A
  • Set of proteins that assemble on the centromere, providing the point of attachment for spindle microtubules.
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18
Q

Acrocentric

A
  • Chromosome in which the centromere is near one end, producing a long arm at one end and a knob, or satellite, at the other end.
19
Q

Origin Of Replication

A
  • Site where DNA replication is initiated.
20
Q

Sister Chromatid

A
  • Two copies of a chromosome that are held together at the centromere. Each sister chromatid consists of a single molecule of DNA.
21
Q

Cell Cycle (G1, S, G2, M Phase)

A
  • Stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next. G1, S, G2 together are known as interphase. In G1, the cell grows and develops. This is followed by S (synthesis) phase where DNA replicates. G2 follows DNA replication, and during this phase, the cell prepares for division. Next is the mitotic (M) phase which is the major phase of the cell cycle that encompasses active cell division; includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).
22
Q

Telomere

A
  • Stable end of a eukaryotic chromosome.
23
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite spindle poles.
24
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • Stage of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane breaks down and the spindle microtubules attach to the chromosomes.
25
Q

Prophase

A
  • Stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes contract and become visible, the cytoskeleton breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
26
Q

Telophase

A
  • Stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles, the nuclear membrane re-forms, and the chromosomes relax and lengthen.
27
Q

Interphase

A
  • Major phase of the cell cycle between cell divisions. In interphase, the cell grows, develops, and functions.
28
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes align in the center of the cell.
29
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Process by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides.
30
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Process by which the cytoplasm of a cell divides.
31
Q

Fertilization

A
  • Fusion of gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote.
32
Q

Synapsis

A
  • Close pairing of homologous chromosomes.
33
Q

Meiosis (1 and 2)

A
  • Process by which the chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell divide to give rise to haploid reproductive cells. Consists of two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis I is the first phase of meiosis and is where the chromosome number is reduced by half. Meiosis II is the second phase of meiosis, and its Events are similar to those in mitosis.
34
Q

Crossing Over

A
  • Exchange of genetic material between homologous but nonsister chromatids.
35
Q

Prophase (1 and 2)

A
  • In prophase I of meiosis I, the chromosomes condense and pair, crossing over takes place, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms. In prophase II of meiosis II, the events of interkinesis are reversed; chromosomes recondense, the spindle re-forms, and the nuclear membrane breaks down. Some cells skip this stage.
36
Q

Bivalent

A
  • A homologous pair of synapsed chromosomes consisting of four chromatids; also called a tetrad.
37
Q

Tetrad

A
  • A homologous pair of synapsed chromosomes consisting of four chromatids; also called bivalent.
38
Q

Independent Assortment

A

– The process where the chromosomes move randomly to separate poles during meiosis.

39
Q

Metaphase (1 and 2)

A

– In metaphase I of meiosis I, homologous pairs of chromosomes align in the center of the cell along the metaphase plate. In metphase II of meiosis II, individual chromosomes align in the center of the cell.

40
Q

Anaphase (1 and 2)

A

– In anaphase I of meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes separate and move toward the spindle poles. In anaphase II of meiosis II, sister chromatids separate and the chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.

41
Q

Telophase (1 and 2)

A

– In telophase I of meiosis I, chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles. In telophase II of meiosis II, chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles.

42
Q

Interkinesis

A
  • Period between meiosis I and meiosis II.
43
Q

Recombination

A
  • Process that produces new combinations of alleles.
44
Q

Cohesin

A
  • A protein that holds the two sister chromatids of a chromosome together. The breakdown of cohesin at the centromeres enables the chromatids to separate in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis.

Genetics (13 decks)

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