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Genetics > From DNA To Proteins: Transcription > Flashcards

From DNA To Proteins: Transcription Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)

A

The immediate products of transcription in eukaryotic cells. These are modified after transcription to become mRNA.

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2
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA molecule that is a structural component of the ribosome.

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3
Q

Ribozyme

A

RNA molecule that can act as a biological catalyst.

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4
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA molecule that carries the coding instructions for a polypeptide chain from DNA to a ribosome.

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5
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

RNA molecule that carries an amino acid to the ribosome and transfers it to a growing polypeptide chain in translation.

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6
Q

Transcription Unit

A

Sequence of nucleotides in DNA that encodes a single RNA molecule and the sequences necessary for its transcription; normally contains a promoter, an RNA-coding sequence, and a terminator.

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7
Q

Requirements Of Transcription

A

A DNA template containing a promoter, ribonucleotide triphosphates, and RNA polymerase.

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8
Q

Template Strand

A

The DNA strand that is used as a template during transcription. The RNA synthesized during transcription is complementary and antiparallel to this DNA strand.

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9
Q

Non-Template Strand

A

The DNA strand that is complementary to the template strand; not used as a template during transcription.

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10
Q

Downstream

A

Towards the 3’ end.

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11
Q

RNA-Coding Region

A

Sequence of DNA nucleotides that is copied into an RNA molecule.

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12
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequence that the transcription apparatus recognizes and binds to in order to initiate transcription; indicates the direction of transcription, which of the two DNA strands is to be read as the template, and the starting point of transcription.

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13
Q

Terminator

A

Sequence of DNA nucleotides that terminates transcription.

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14
Q

Upstream

A

Towards the 5’ end.

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15
Q

Elongation Stage Of Transcription

A

The addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand during transcription after initiation.

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16
Q

Initiation Stage Of Transcription

A

Beginning of transcription and occurs when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of a gene.

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17
Q

Transcription Apparatus

A

Complex of transcription factors, RNA polymerase, and other proteins that assemble on the promoter and are capable of initiating transcription.

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18
Q

Termination Stage Of Transcription

A

The end of transcription where RNA polymerase releases the DNA template and the newly synthesized RNA.

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19
Q

Core Enzyme

A

Five subunits of most bacterial RNA polymerases that, during transcription, catalyze the elongation of the RNA molecule by the addition of RNA nucleotides.

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20
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

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21
Q

Sigma Factor

A

Subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase that allows RNA polymerase to recognize a promoter and initiate transcription.

22
Q

Holoenzyme

A

Complex of an enzyme and other protein factors necessary for its complete function

23
Q

Ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP)

A

Substrate of RNA synthesis; consists of a ribose sugar and a base (a nucleoside) attached to three phosphate groups. In transcription, two of the phosphates are cleaved, producing an RNA nucleotide.

24
Q

rho-dependent terminator

A

Sequence in bacterial DNA that requires the presence of the rho factor to terminate transcription.

25
Q

-10 Consensus Sequence (Pribnow box)

A

Consensus sequence (TATAAT) found in most bacterial promoters approximately 10 bp upstream of the transcription start site.

26
Q

-35 Consensus Sequence

A

Consensus sequence (TTGACA) found in many bacterial promoters approximately 35 bp upstream of the transcription start site.

27
Q

Consensus Sequence

A

Sequence that comprises the most commonly encountered nucleotides found at a specific location in DNA or RNA.

28
Q

rho factor

A

A protein that binds to bacterial RNA polymerase and facilitates the termination of transcription of some genes.

29
Q

Hairpin

A

Secondary structure formed when sequences of nucleotides on the same polynucleotide strand are complementary and pair with each other.

30
Q

rho-independent termination

A

A hairpin loop structure and consequent U-rich portion in the transcript are formed to cause the termination.

31
Q

Polycistronic mRNA

A

Single RNA molecule transcribed from a group of several genes; uncommon in eukaryotes.

32
Q

Exon

A

Coding region of a gene that is interrupted by introns; after transcription and posttranscriptional processing, these remain in mRNA.

33
Q

Colinearity

A

Concept of direct correspondence between the nucleotide sequence of a gene and the continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein.

34
Q

Protein Coding Region

A

The part of mRNA consisting of the nucleotides that specify the amino acid sequence of a protein.

35
Q

5’ Untranslated Region

A

Sequence of nucleotides at the 5’ end of mRNA; does not encode the amino acids of a protein.

36
Q

Intron

A

Noncoding sequence between coding regions in a eukaryotic gene; removed from the RNA after transcription.

37
Q

Shine-Dalgarno Sequence

A

Consensus sequence found in the bacterial 5’ untranslated region of mRNA; contains the ribosome-binding site.

38
Q

3’ Untranslated Region

A

Sequence of nucleotides at the 3’ end of mRNA that is not translated into amino acids; affects the stability of the mRNA and helps regulate the translation of the mRNA protein-coding sequence.

39
Q

5’ cap

A

Modified 5’ end of eukaryotic mRNA that plays a role in the binding of the ribosome to mRNA and affects mRNA stability and the removal of introns.

40
Q

Poly(A) tail

A

String of adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of a eukaryotic mRNA after transcription.

41
Q

RNA splicing

A

Process by which introns are removed from RNA and exons are joined together.

42
Q

5’ splice site

A

The 5’ end of an intron where cleavage takes place in RNA splicing.

43
Q

3’ splice site

A

The 3’ end of an intron where cleavage takes place in RNA splicing.

44
Q

Branch point

A

Adenine nucleotide in nuclear pre-mRNA introns that lies upstream of the 3’ splice site.

45
Q

Spliceosome

A

Large complex consisting of several RNAs and many proteins that splices protein-encoding pre-mRNA.

46
Q

Lariat

A

Loop-like structure created in the splicing of nuclear pre-mRNA when the 5’ end of an intron is attached to the branch point.

47
Q

Cloverleaf structure

A

Secondary structure with four major arms common to all tRNAs.

48
Q

Anticodon

A

Sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that pairs with the corresponding codon on mRNA to ensure that the amino acids link in the correct order during translation.

49
Q

RNA interference (RNAi)

A

Process in which cleavage of double-stranded RNA produces small RNAs (siRNAs or miRNAs) that bind to mRNAs containing complementary sequences and bring about their cleavage and degradation.

50
Q

MicroRNA (miRNA)

A

Small RNA molecules produced by cleavage of double-stranded RNA arising from small hairpins within RNA that is mostly single stranded. The miRNAs combine with proteins to form a complex that binds (imperfectly) to mRNA molecules and inhibits their translation.

51
Q

Incorrect! Correct answer:Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

A

Single-stranded RNA molecule produced by the cleavage and processing of double-stranded RNA that binds to complementary sequences in mRNA and brings about the cleavage and degradation of the mRNA. Some bring about changes in chromatin structure.

Genetics (13 decks)

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