From DNA To Proteins - Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetic Code Table

A

A table containing codons that can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.

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2
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; also called a protein.

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3
Q

Protein Structure

A

The arrangement of the chains of amino acids in proteins. It has several levels of organization (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).

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4
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Chemical bond that connects amino acids in a protein.

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5
Q

Amino Acid

A

Repeating unit of proteins; each consists of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, and an R group.

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6
Q

Nonoverlapping Genetic Code

A

Refers to the fact that, generally, each nucleotide is part of only one codon and encodes only one amino acid in a protein.

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7
Q

Sense Codon

A

Codon that specifies an amino acid in a protein.

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8
Q

Universal Genetic Code

A

Refers to the fact that particular codons specify the same amino acids in almost all organisms.

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9
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of three nucleotides that encodes one amino acid in a protein.

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10
Q

Degenerate Genetic Code

A

Refers to the fact that the genetic code contains more codons than are needed to specify all 20 common amino acids.

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11
Q

Kozak Sequence

A

A sequence that functions as the protein translation initiation site in most eukaryotic mRNA transcripts.

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12
Q

Initiation (Start Codon)

A

The first codon of the mRNA to specify an amino acid (fMet in bacterial cells; Met in eukaryotic cells); most often AUG.

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13
Q

Isoaccepting tRNAs

A

Different tRNAs that accept the same amino acid but have different anticodons.

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14
Q

Synonymous Codons

A

Different codons that specify the same amino acid.

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15
Q

Initiation Of Translation

A

The process in which initiator tRNA, small and large ribosomal subunits are assembled by eukaryotic initiation factors into a ribosome at the initiation codon of mRNA.

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16
Q

Termination Of Translation

A

The stage of translation when a stop codon in the mRNA enters the A site. Stop codons are recognized by proteins called release factors, which fit neatly into the P site (though they aren’t tRNAs).

17
Q

Nonsense Codon

A

Codon in mRNA that signals the end of translation. Also called a stop codon.

18
Q

Stop (Termination) Codon

A

Codon in mRNA that signals the end of translation. The three common stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA.

19
Q

Elongation Of Translation

A

The stage of translation in which the nascent polypeptide chain extends by one amino acid during one elongation cycle.

20
Q

Wobble

A

Base pairing between codon and anticodon in which there is nonstandard pairing, usually at the third 3’ position of the codon; allows more than one codon to pair with the same anticodon.

21
Q

tRNA charging

A

Chemical reaction in which an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches an amino acid to its corresponding tRNA.

22
Q

Reading Frame

A

Particular way in which a nucleotide sequence is read in groups of three nucleotides (codons) in translation; begins with a start codon and ends with a stop codon.

23
Q

Initiation Factors

A

Proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation.

24
Q

Ribosome

A

An intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

25
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase

A

Enzyme that attaches an amino acid to a tRNA. Each of these recognizes a particular amino acid.

26
Q

Small Ribosomal Subunit

A

The smaller of the two subunits of a functional ribosome.

27
Q

Aminoacyl (A) Site

A

One of the three sites in a ribosome occupied by a tRNA during translation. All charged tRNAs (with the exception of the initiator tRNA) first enter this site.

28
Q

Large Ribosomal Subunit

A

The larger of the two subunits of a functional ribosome.

29
Q

Peptidyl (P) Site

A

One of the three sites in a ribosome occupied by a tRNA during translation. In the elongation stage, tRNAs move from the aminoacyl (A) site into this site.

30
Q

Exit (E) Site

A

One of the three sites in a ribosome occupied by a tRNA during translation. In the elongation stage, the tRNA moves from the peptidyl (P) site to this site, from which it then leaves the ribosome.

31
Q

Elongation Factors

A

Proteins that function at the ribosome, during protein synthesis, to facilitate translational elongation from the formation of the first to the last peptide bond of a growing polypeptide.

32
Q

Polyribosome

A

Messenger RNA molecule with several ribosomes attached to it.

33
Q

Release Factor

A

Protein required for the termination of translation; binds to a ribosome when a stop codon is reached and stimulates the release of the polypeptide chain, the tRNA, and the mRNA from the ribosome.

34
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of a ribosome along mRNA during translation.