The Changing Economy of the UK Flashcards
What percent of people were employed in the secondary sector in 1960?
38%
Why is employment declining in many sectors
The UK has de-industrialised
and globalisation means our materials can be cheaply produced in other countries
How much has employment declined in Coal from 1960 to now and what is the reason for this decline
There fell from being 600,000 miners in 1960 to 6000 miners in 2010.UK mines have become deeper so it’s too expensive to safely maintain the mines.
Coal can be cheaply imported from Russia, Colombia and the USA
What aspects of the tertiary sector have grown the most from 1981 to now?
Health has had a 90% change
Hotels&food- 66%
Education-58%
How much did the grow of people in IT, professional, technical and scientific employment grow in 1981 to 2011? And why are these jobs important?
From 1.7 million to 3.7 million in 2011 because :
Jobs are highly skilled and paid
Research and development can invent new products that the UK can export
How have average wages changed from 1960 to now and what are the reasons for these changes?
Average weekly wages increase from £220 to £450
This is because unskilled and skilled manual jobs are now rare most workers have some quantifications therefore wages are higher
How has the number of women in the workforce changed from 1960 to now and what are the reasons for these changes?
In 1960 woman made up 35% of the workplace this number has now increased to 49%
This is because woman receive over 50% of university degrees compared to 20% in 1960
women are more independent and marry later in life have fewer children and focus more on careers
How has the number of people employed in part time jobs changed from 1960 to now and what are the reasons for these changes?
In 1960 only about 5% of people works part time now is 25% of people work part time
This is because part time work see its many people with families and the UK workforce is more flexible then in 1960
Is also cheaper for a firm to employ a part-time member of staff
People had to have part time work as it was the only type of work they could find
In May 2012 The trade union Congress (TUC) said that 1.4 million workers and self employed people were working part time because they could not find full-time employment
How have working hours changed from 1960 to now and what are the reasons for these changes?
For all workers the average working week has flown in from 42 hours to 32 hours
This is party due to the fact that more people work part time and some do work at home
What is the main reason for the North Easts higher level of unemployment? And explain these reasons
De-Industralisation
The workforce used to be dominated by coalmining iron and steel production however these industries have declined rapidly in the 21st-century due to foreign competition and labour costs
In 1971, manufacturing made up 40% of employment however by 1996 this fell to 24% leading to a loss of 95,000 jobs
Prove that economic conditions relating to employment or better in the south-east of England compares to the north east of England
The unemployment rate is 6.1% in the south-east compared to 10.2% in the north-east
furthermore the average full-time weekly earnings are 443 pounds a week in the north-east but 548 in the south-east.
In the north-east the percentage of working age people with no qualifications is 14% contrastingly in the South East and the 8% of working age people have no qualifications
furthermore population change from 1971 to 2010 was a 25% increase in the south-east but a 3% decline in the north-east
State some main reasons for the regional differences between the north-east of England and the south-east
The Southeast has become a centre for turning the industry and research especially since it is home to 4 major airports Gatwick Heathrow Stansted and Luton you can have good communications with other countries
The east is close to the power and decision-making based in London where over 60% of U.K.’s biggest companies have their headquarters it’s also close to Parliament
After Easter workforce is better educated say pay is higher and there are more jobs in science technology and finance
What has happened to Sheffields employment structure from the 1980s to now?
Sheffield was once the centre of the UK steel industry
The steel industry declined in the 1980s with 120,000 manufacturing jobs on the list from 1971 to 2008 a decline of 74%
It’s experienced economic diversification as jobs have shifted from manufacturing into retail software development and business services
State the environmental impacts of de-industrialisation in one named UK area and explain 2
Sheffield:
Derelict Land about 900 hectares of derelict land and vacant buildings were created as steel factories
Greenfield sites-with less work in the inner city factories there has been increased pressure to build homes and businesses on greenfield sites in Sheffield
Traffic- jobs in Sheffield are no longer concentrated in the city centre so commuter traffic has increased as people travel further to their jobs adding to congestion
The quality of the river Don which runs through Sheffield was once incredibly polluted and biologically dead in some places as factories polluted the river however since they have closed water quality has improved and that one has been restocked with fish.
The air quality has improved due to the closure of steel factories the nitrogen dioxide levels are about 50% of the levels in the 1980s
Regeneration some derelict industrial sites have been completely redecorated such as the Meadowhall shopping centre which was once hadfields steelworks
What is a brownfield site?
An area that has been used before, but abandoned, then regenerated again, most are located in inner cities
