Developement Dilemmas Flashcards
What is economic development
An increase in the number of people working in the secondary and tertiary sectors which leads to rising incomes
What is social development
Rising life expectancy, better healthcare and access to education. Improved equality for women and minorities, leading to a better quality of life
What is political development?
Improving political freedom and the right to vote, a free press and freedom of speech
Explain why being richer doesn’t always mean an improved life
Living in a polluted, congested city can lead to breathing problems other health issues and stress
Inflation (goods becoming more expensive)
State different ways of measuring development
GDP-Gross Domestic Product
HDI-(Human Development Index)
Looking at political corruption and freedom:
Corruption Perceptions Index
Democracy Index
What is GDP
Gross Domestic product is the value of all goods and services produced within a country in a year
What is GDP per capita?
The average income of each person in a country in a year.
What is HDI
Human Development Index
It is an indicator of how developed a country is it looks at:
Life expectant at birth (health)
Number of years in school (education)
Income per person (wealth)
Why do some countries have a high HDI but low GDP per capita and give an example of a country like this
Cuba have a HDI of 0.78 but a GDP per capita of only US$6100. This shows there’s good health service and education but people are not wealthy
What is the development gap?
The gap between the most developed countries and the least developed countries
Give an example that shows the extent of the global development gap (GDP)
In 2011, Luxembourgs GDP per capita was US$115,300
In 2011 Somalias GDP per capita was US$ 112
Give an example that shows the extent of the global development gap (wealthiest 20%)
In 1990 the richest 20% own 87% of the wealth share. However by 2007 they had 83%
In 1990 the middle 60% owned 12% of the wealth share ,this raised to 16% by 2007
In 1990 the poorest 20% owned 1% of the wealth this percentage stayed the same by 2007.
Give an example that shows the extent of the global development gap (HDI) and give 1 reason for why this change happens
Globally the average HDI improved from 0.48 in 1970 to 0.68 in 2010
Many deadly diseases like polio, measles have been controlled in the developing world causing life expectancy
Explore the economic development of a named developing sub-Saharan country in Afrca
The economy has grown well from 2002 Due to money from the International monetary fund has helped to Uganda to payback that and this money has been used for investment into education and health
Explore the social development of a named developing sub-Saharan country in Afrca
Uganda :HDI rose from 0.31 in 1980 to 0.46 in 2012
Life exceptancy rose from 50 to 55
Over 90% of primary school aged children go to school
Only 20% of those over 11 do
Explore the political development of a named developing sub-Saharan country in Africa
Uganda was a brutal dictator ship in the 1970s under Idi Amin .
since the 1980s it has become more democratic with political parties and elections with a human rights are still an issue
Explain 2 barriers to Uganda development
AIDS/HIV- 6.5% of adults have HIV. This Has fallen from the13% it was in 1990
Conflict-East Africa is plagued by conflict in nearby Kenya ,Sudan and the DRC which could to spill over Uganda’s borders
Youth- 55% of Ugandas population are under 18
Landlocked-Uganda has no coast and must rely on other countries like Kenya for import and export routes
Coffee Prices-this is the main export, if coffee prices fall sharply so does the GDP
What is Rostow’s modernisation theory ?
That all countries would develop in the series of stages and given enough time all countries would become fully developed
but for this progress to happen a stimulus is needed such as :
Trade with neighbouring countries
The development of infrastructure eg Ports, railways
He made a Rostow model which depicted 5 stages of development
What is the Dependency theory?
This theory was developed in the late 1960s and suggests that the lower levels of development in poor countries results from the control of the world economy by rich countries
What is the evidence for the dependency theory being correct?
TNC’s employing a cheap labour force
Unbalanced trade, poor countries sell materials cheaply but buy expensive products
Poor countries getting into debt after borrowing too much from the developed world
What are the criticisms of the Dependency theory
That some countries that were never colonised such as Ethiopian remain poor
Some poor countries have successfully developed e.g. South Korea
Some rich country inferences maybe positive such as ‘age without ties’ and campaigns such as ‘make poverty history’
Why do urban areas of a country tend to be richer than the rural ?
areas have the majority of people services businesses industry and the government headquarters
Rural areas such as remote countryside tend to be involved in the production of raw materials
What is a top-down strategy
They involve external groups eg World Bank as well as the national government in the decision making process with minor influence from the public
What are the problems associated with Top-Down schemes
Expensive as it gets the country in to debt because they borrow large amounts of money from the World Bank or International Monetary Fund
Conditions may be attached to the loans leading to some external control of the economy
Is in machinery and technology rather than providing unskilled jobs for local people
Uses a lot of energy can cause pollution, also expensive to operate after construction
What is a bottom up strategy
A small scale scheme where local people are fully involved in the decision making and process
It are the benefits of a bottom-up scheme
The main aim is social development they aim to improve health and education of food supply at a local level
Very low cost funded by outside NGOs such as Oxfam of practical action
Gives the local community power
Uses intermediate technology which is simpler and needs less technical support
Give an example of a bottom- up scheme
Wells
Schools
Health clients
Village- scale energy projects eg biogas from cow dung
It are the costs of a bottom-up scheme
They make slow progress
State 2 benefits of a named top-down project
The Tree Gorges Dam, China
Produces hydroelectricity to help power Chinese industries and cities , 22,500 MW of electricity
Provides flood control on the lower Yangtze River below the dam in order to reduce flood damage
State 2 costs of a named top-down project
Three Gorges Dam,China
1.3 million people had to relocate to make way for the reservoir
species like the Chinese river dolphin and Serbian crane are threatened by the dam
rice farmers below the dam no longer benefit from flood waters irrigating their fields
Name the three types of development
Economic
Social
Political
State the 5 stages of Rostow’s modernisation theory
1.Traditional societies (mostly farmers eg Ethiopia
2. Pre-conditions for take off (small industry and trade begins in developing countries infrastructure is built) eg Vietnam
3.Take off stage (industrialisation people move to cities exports begin and income grows )eg China India
4. Drive to maturity
(developed industrial economy growth of tertiary jobs) eg South Korea, Brazil
- High mass consumption (developed country most people employed in tertiary sector UK ,USA)
