Developement Dilemmas

Question 1

What is economic development

Answer 1

An increase in the number of people working in the secondary and tertiary sectors which leads to rising incomes

Question 2

What is social development

Answer 2

Rising life expectancy, better healthcare and access to education. Improved equality for women and minorities, leading to a better quality of life

Question 3

What is political development?

Answer 3

Improving political freedom and the right to vote, a free press and freedom of speech

Question 4

Explain why being richer doesn’t always mean an improved life

Answer 4

Living in a polluted, congested city can lead to breathing problems other health issues and stress

Inflation (goods becoming more expensive)

Question 5

State different ways of measuring development

Answer 5

GDP-Gross Domestic Product
HDI-(Human Development Index)

Looking at political corruption and freedom:

Corruption Perceptions Index
Democracy Index

Question 6

What is GDP

Answer 6

Gross Domestic product is the value of all goods and services produced within a country in a year

Question 7

What is GDP per capita?

Answer 7

The average income of each person in a country in a year.

Question 8

What is HDI

Answer 8

Human Development Index

It is an indicator of how developed a country is it looks at:
Life expectant at birth (health)
Number of years in school (education)
Income per person (wealth)

Question 9

Why do some countries have a high HDI but low GDP per capita and give an example of a country like this

Answer 9

Cuba have a HDI of 0.78 but a GDP per capita of only US$6100. This shows there’s good health service and education but people are not wealthy

Question 10

What is the development gap?

Answer 10

The gap between the most developed countries and the least developed countries

Question 11

Give an example that shows the extent of the global development gap (GDP)

Answer 11

In 2011, Luxembourgs GDP per capita was US$115,300

In 2011 Somalias GDP per capita was US$ 112

Question 12

Give an example that shows the extent of the global development gap (wealthiest 20%)

Answer 12

In 1990 the richest 20% own 87% of the wealth share. However by 2007 they had 83%

In 1990 the middle 60% owned 12% of the wealth share ,this raised to 16% by 2007

In 1990 the poorest 20% owned 1% of the wealth this percentage stayed the same by 2007.

Question 13

Give an example that shows the extent of the global development gap (HDI) and give 1 reason for why this change happens

Answer 13

Globally the average HDI improved from 0.48 in 1970 to 0.68 in 2010

Many deadly diseases like polio, measles have been controlled in the developing world causing life expectancy

Question 14

Explore the economic development of a named developing sub-Saharan country in Afrca

Answer 14

The economy has grown well from 2002 Due to money from the International monetary fund has helped to Uganda to payback that and this money has been used for investment into education and health

Question 15

Explore the social development of a named developing sub-Saharan country in Afrca

Answer 15

Uganda :HDI rose from 0.31 in 1980 to 0.46 in 2012
Life exceptancy rose from 50 to 55
Over 90% of primary school aged children go to school
Only 20% of those over 11 do

Question 16

Explore the political development of a named developing sub-Saharan country in Africa

Answer 16

Uganda was a brutal dictator ship in the 1970s under Idi Amin .

since the 1980s it has become more democratic with political parties and elections with a human rights are still an issue

Question 17

Explain 2 barriers to Uganda development

Answer 17

AIDS/HIV- 6.5% of adults have HIV. This Has fallen from the13% it was in 1990

Conflict-East Africa is plagued by conflict in nearby Kenya ,Sudan and the DRC which could to spill over Uganda’s borders

Youth- 55% of Ugandas population are under 18

Landlocked-Uganda has no coast and must rely on other countries like Kenya for import and export routes

Coffee Prices-this is the main export, if coffee prices fall sharply so does the GDP

Question 18

What is Rostow’s modernisation theory ?

Answer 18

That all countries would develop in the series of stages and given enough time all countries would become fully developed

but for this progress to happen a stimulus is needed such as :
Trade with neighbouring countries
The development of infrastructure eg Ports, railways

He made a Rostow model which depicted 5 stages of development

Question 19

What is the Dependency theory?

Answer 19

This theory was developed in the late 1960s and suggests that the lower levels of development in poor countries results from the control of the world economy by rich countries

Question 20

What is the evidence for the dependency theory being correct?

Answer 20

TNC’s employing a cheap labour force

Unbalanced trade, poor countries sell materials cheaply but buy expensive products

Poor countries getting into debt after borrowing too much from the developed world

Question 21

What are the criticisms of the Dependency theory

Answer 21

That some countries that were never colonised such as Ethiopian remain poor

Some poor countries have successfully developed e.g. South Korea

Some rich country inferences maybe positive such as ‘age without ties’ and campaigns such as ‘make poverty history’

Question 22

Why do urban areas of a country tend to be richer than the rural ?

Answer 22

areas have the majority of people services businesses industry and the government headquarters

Rural areas such as remote countryside tend to be involved in the production of raw materials

Question 23

What is a top-down strategy

Answer 23

They involve external groups eg World Bank as well as the national government in the decision making process with minor influence from the public

Question 24

What are the problems associated with Top-Down schemes

Answer 24

Expensive as it gets the country in to debt because they borrow large amounts of money from the World Bank or International Monetary Fund

Conditions may be attached to the loans leading to some external control of the economy

Is in machinery and technology rather than providing unskilled jobs for local people

Uses a lot of energy can cause pollution, also expensive to operate after construction

Question 25

What is a bottom up strategy

Answer 25

A small scale scheme where local people are fully involved in the decision making and process

Question 26

It are the benefits of a bottom-up scheme

Answer 26

The main aim is social development they aim to improve health and education of food supply at a local level

Very low cost funded by outside NGOs such as Oxfam of practical action

Gives the local community power

Uses intermediate technology which is simpler and needs less technical support

Question 27

Give an example of a bottom- up scheme

Answer 27

Wells
Schools
Health clients
Village- scale energy projects eg biogas from cow dung

Question 28

It are the costs of a bottom-up scheme

Answer 28

They make slow progress

Question 29

State 2 benefits of a named top-down project

Answer 29

The Tree Gorges Dam, China
Produces hydroelectricity to help power Chinese industries and cities , 22,500 MW of electricity

Provides flood control on the lower Yangtze River below the dam in order to reduce flood damage

Question 30

State 2 costs of a named top-down project

Answer 30

Three Gorges Dam,China
1.3 million people had to relocate to make way for the reservoir

species like the Chinese river dolphin and Serbian crane are threatened by the dam
rice farmers below the dam no longer benefit from flood waters irrigating their fields

Question 31

Name the three types of development

Answer 31

Economic
Social
Political

Question 32

State the 5 stages of Rostow’s modernisation theory

Answer 32

1.Traditional societies (mostly farmers eg Ethiopia
2. Pre-conditions for take off (small industry and trade begins in developing countries infrastructure is built) eg Vietnam
3.Take off stage (industrialisation people move to cities exports begin and income grows )eg China India
4. Drive to maturity
(developed industrial economy growth of tertiary jobs) eg South Korea, Brazil

5. High mass consumption (developed country most people employed in tertiary sector UK ,USA)