Challenges Of An Urban World

Question 0

What is a Mega City?

Answer 0

A city with over 10 million citizens

Question 1

What is Urbanisation?

Answer 1

It is the growth and development of cities

Question 2

What are the 2 main reasons cities grow?

Answer 2

Rural-urban migration and Internal growth

Question 3

What is the LEDC and MEDC models city growth?

Answer 3

Hoyt and Burgess

Question 4

Name three urban changes in London

Answer 4

High Eco footprint, Waste, resource consumption

Question 5

Name 3 challenges of living in the developing world

Answer 5

Slums, informal economy, air pollution

Question 6

What challenges do Mumbai face as an LEDC city?

Answer 6

Water shortages 650 million litres lost a day from old leaking pipes. 54% people live in slums. One of the most congested cities on earth 3000 people die a year crossing railway tracks or falling off packed commuter trains each year

Question 7

What is Eco footprint?

Answer 7

It measures the amount of land required to support ones lifestyle in terms of their: food waste,water and energy needs

Question 8

What factors increase eco footprint between different countries?

Answer 8

Wealthier countries have a higher eco footprint because people have more money& consume more resources

High car ownership especially in sprawling cities e.g Dubai Atlanta

Industrialised cities e.g São Paulo

Question 9

How is London reducing its eco footprint?

Answer 9

One of the largest contributors to high eco footprint in London is transport so try to create more sustainable transport and sustainable housing (zed housing)

Question 10

Describe ways London are trying to develop sustainable transport

Answer 10

Hybrid buses- give out half pollution of regular buses current only 1000 in London

Electric cars- less tax for those with electric cars but very expensive to buy one.
Boris bikes- introduced in 2010 and is expensive and doesn’t make profit.

Question 11

How are residents in Rochina using self help systems to improve their quality of life?

Answer 11

Rocinha is a slum and they’ve upgraded the wooden shacks to brick meaning they can withstand floods and now have water and electricity

Question 12

How is Mexico trying to reduce its Eco footprint?

Answer 12

Hoy No Circula scheme 1989 cars banned from traveling one day a week based on reg no.
ADV- air pollution has fallen
DIS-some wealthy ppl bought 2nd car
city is still growing rapidly vehicles still increase.

Invested in better transport -metro system

Question 13

How is Mexico trying to reduce its Eco-footprint

Answer 13

Hoy No Circula scheme 1989 cars banned from traveling one day a week based on reg no.
ADV- air pollution has fallen
DIS-some wealthy ppl bought 2nd car
city is still growing rapidly vehicles still increase.

Invested in better transport -metro system

Question 14

What is the structure of an MEDC like according to the Burgess Model?

Answer 14

The ‘central business district’ is at the centre with shops and offices

just outside the central business district is the ‘inner city’ is with a mixture of old decaying housing and factories and brands new developments
then there are the ‘suburbs ‘ which tend to be mostly residential (houses) with a few supermarkets

Question 15

What is the structure of an LEDC like according to the Hoyt model?

Answer 15

They like MED seas have a central business district in the centre which is surrounded by all the housing

In every other way they are very different to MEDC’s as their layout is much more irregular

people set up homes on any patch of land they can find because there is such a shortage of housing

on the outside there are squatter settlements these areas are of a very poor standard

Question 16

Examine how food is a challenge in developed world cities like Paris and London

Answer 16

Most food is not grown in London itself but it is produced elsewhere in the UK and the world

it must be transported to the city by road , rail or air this adds to the cost of food and the carbon footprint of the city because of the fuel burned in transportation

Question 17

Examine how energy is a challenge in developed world cities like Paris and London

Answer 17

Electricity is generated in power stations around the UK and burning gas, oil, coal or using nuclear power is a problem as when coal is burned this adds to global warming and the carbon footprint

nuclear-power is potentially dangerous as it may release radioactivity yet demand for electricity in cities like London and New York is so huge because of many homes and businesses being there

Question 18

Examine how is transport a challenge in developed world cities like Paris and London

Answer 18

London is the focus of the U.K.’s road and rail network but with so many people and businesses transport is a major challenge 8.6 million people live in London is 1706 km²
there are almost 3,000,000 private cars in London
Traffic congestion is bad but it even worst at peak times as car ownership in London is 34 per thousand people

all the vehicles generate exhaust fumes which create high levels of nitrogen dioxide and other pollutants in the air

41% of nitrogen dioxide produced in London, comes from cars and motorcycles.
road traffic contributes to 22% of London’s carbon dioxide output

Question 19

What is the congestion charge and has it been effective

Answer 19

Introduced in 2003 it makes vehicles that into central London pay a charge

this has led to a reduction of 13% and the levels of nitrogen dioxide in the city centre

Question 20

Examine how waste is a challenge in developed world cities like Paris and London

Answer 20

London generates about 20,000,000 tonnes of waste each year much of this is buried in landfill sites

This is expensive and a wasteful way to dispose of waste the annual cost to London of sending waste to landfill is 280 million.

The green waste and food which goes to landfill to the race methane as it decays in the ground and this adds 460,000 times each year to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere above London.
London is on a major scheme to reduce the amount of waste generated by the city to 20% by 2031

Question 21

Examine how housing is a challenge in developing world cities like Mumbai

Answer 21

Trying to provide enough housing for everyone is a major challenge in developing world cities as the cities are going so fast they could not cope with numbers of people looking for homes.

people choose to build their own homes on any spare land they see using scrap materials. Such as iron and cardboard these houses may be a fire hazard and the land tends to be very steep or prone to flooding.

Up to 50% of the city’s population may live in these squatter settlements sewage often pollutes the water supply : leading to diseases such as diarrhoea and cholera

there is often no organised bin collection so rubbish builds up and is a breeding ground for disease many people suffer from malnutrition as food supply may be short

Question 22

Examine how the Informal economy is a challenge in developing world cities like Mumbai

Answer 22

In the developing world a major problem in cities is unemployment or under employment under employment is when people do not have full-time continuous work but instead temporary work

some people can get jobs in the formal sector eg the car factories of São Paulo in Brazil they have permanent jobs and regular pay.

Most people cannot get these jobs so work in the informal sector are they : give haircuts ;carry luggage;take photographs to sell ;or make food to sell they have no shop or office but they often set up on a street corner

Work is often dangerous and there is no insurance

there is child exploitation which wouldn’t work for very little money in terrible conditions

Question 23

Examine how water supply is a challenge in developing world cities like Dhaka, Bangladesh

Answer 23

The United Nations estimates that 1 billion people do not have access to adequate supplies of water and 2 billion people do not have access to adequate sanitation facilities

In Dhaka, Bangladesh The city is not able to supply enough safe water so people have to drink from Paul’s of water on the ground this water is off in a bit dated and drinking this type of water is responsible for 2 million deaths worldwide each year.

Open water attracts mosquitoes which may transmit malaria it is also a breeding ground for some snails which carry diseases such as such as schistosomiasis a disease which affects the intestines.

Water can easily be polluted by fertilises when surface run-off occurs

Question 24

State two ways that NGOs has helped to improve the quality of life in cities in the developing world

Answer 24

In Sri Lanka, the urban green partnership program has helped to create 300 home gardens in three cities , this has helped local people feed themselves.

In Kachhpura a small town in India, an Indian NGO called the Centre for Urban and Regional excellence (CURE) has now provided a solution that can cope with the sewage and waste of water problems. It quires little technical maintenance and does not depend on electrical or other forms of power

Question 25

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Mexico’s attempts to reduce air pollution (3)

Answer 25

The government has started providing funds for the spare parts needed by buses in the city
ADV:this will reduce air-pollution and improve the reliability of the bus services.
DIScosts of parts are high because they have to be imported the importation of these parts produces greenhouse gas emissions as they must be transported.

They have changed the formula for petrol and diesel so that they now contain fewer pollutants.
ADV:if you are pollutants emitted into the air from all vehicles
DIS:this is expensive and some people argue that money would be better spent on less polluting engines

Prohibiting drivers from using their cars one day per week.
ADV:Reduces traffic and therefore reduced air pollution
DIS:Drivers get around this by buying to cause which makes the levels of greenhouse gas emissions even worse

They built a new $2 billion underground train line
ADV:leads to averages amount of air-pollution reducing as more people use the underground line then using their cars.
DIS:it is very expensive

Question 26

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Mexico’s attempts to reduce water pollution (3)

Answer 26

They have built more sewage treatment plants
ADV:this will reduce water pollution
DIS: is expensive to build

Saving more rainfall in Underground tanks
ADV:would reduce water that has to be pumped from aquifer
DIS:this water is more likely to be polluted by animals and insects

Recycling more water, however there is a limit to how much can be recycled

Pumping even more water from deeper underground to Wells
ADV:Will help to meet demand and reduce water pollution
DIS:very expensive and will only add to subsidences in the city as the ground sinks

Question 27

How has the number of people living in an urban area changed from 1950 to now and what changes are expected to happen by 2030

Answer 27

1950-29% of the world lived in urban areas

2007-49%

2030-60%