The Changing Economic World 💹 Flashcards
What is development?
The process in economical growth use of technology and improving welfare
What is Gross national income what is it a measure of and As a country develops it gets?
Total number of goods and values produced by country each year including income from overseas often in US dollars
This is a measure of wealth and as a country develops it gets higher
What Is GNI  her head?
and what is it a measure of and as a country developed but does it get higher lower?
GNI divided by the population is a measure of both and as a country develops it gets higher
What is birthrate?. What is it a measure of an as a country develop what does it get
Live births per thousand of a population every year it’s a measure of education and as a country develops it gets lower
What is the death rate?
what is a measure up and as a country develops does it get higher lower?
Number of deaths per thousand per population it’s a measure of health and as a country develops it gets lower
What is infant mortality rate what is it a measure of and as a country develops what does it get?
Oh baby is that the day before the one years old per thousand per population and it’s a measure of health and it gets lower as a country develops
What is people per doctor ?
what is it a measure of and as a country develops it gets?
People per doctor is how is the average number of people for each doctor is a measure of health and as a country develops it gets lower
Is the literacy rate ?
what is a measure of and as a country is developed it gets?
It’s the amount of adult that can read and write is a measure of education and as a country develops it gets higher
What is access to safe water ?
what is it a measure of it as a country develops it gets?
The percentage of people that have access to clean drinking water it’s a measure of health and as a country develops it gets higher
What is life expectancy what is a measure of as a country develops it gets?
This is the average age a number can expect to live to- The measure of health and as a country develops it gets higher
What is the limitation of using GNI per head
It’s an average so variations within the country doesn’t show up
- For example in Qatar there’s a high population of people that are poor by very small majority that are rich
Social indicators could be misleading because they use on their own as some aspects may develop quicker than others for example-
Cuba has a low birth rate wish me to get to higher rate of education but a very high death rate so it’s not that developed as we think
What is the GNI of a HIC?
GNI is very high for example UK Canada
What is the GNI of an LIC?
Very low examples could be Afghanistan Syria
What is the GNI of newly emerging economy is NEE?
Countries wealth does not stay the same some are rapidly getting richer economy new moves from being based on primary industry to secondary industry
What is the human development index?
It’s when we calculate the income life expectancy and education level in every country zero is the least and one is the most
What is the DTM?
A demographic transition model shows that rates death rate of the population growth
Explain the five stages of the DTM
Stage one is the least developed by far it is high because there’s no use of contraception and there’s lots of infant mortality rates different is also hike this poor healthcare or famine life expectancy is low
0 population rate
Tribes in Brazil
Stage two- is not very developed LICs is its agricultural based and is better healthcare so different falls -very high
Stage three is more developed this is where Birth rates because there is a vibe use of contraception and women are working instead of having children As an improved healthcare- high
Stage four and five at the most developed High living standards and there is a dependent elderly population as it is less money available for children
Healthcare is good
What are the physical factors that may affect a developing country? 4)
Poor climate - Some countries are really hot really dry or really cold which can make it hard to grow crops difficult to malnourishment and droughts leading to a low quality of life
lots of natural disasters- The destruction of homes and manufacturing businesses means that lots of money has to be reinvested for rebuilding this could reduce the quality of life as it reduces the amount of money the government had to spend on development projects
fewer raw material’s- means that countries have fewer products to export to other countries this means that they tend to make less money so they’re unable to spend it on development projects but cannot develop the infrastructure needed to exploit them like roads or ports
poor farming land -If a country has poor soil they cannot produce food which they cannot sell and generate income to develop into developing projects or provide a good quality life for the population

A country is more likely to be at a low-level development if it has? 3)
Poor trade links - If a country has fewer countries to sell their exports to they make less income to reinvest in development projects
lots of debt - More money will be invested in to paying back rather than development
and a company based on primary products-primary products tend to be cheaper than manufactured products made in the secondary industry this means that they will make less profit

What are the two historical causes of uneven development?
Colonisation countries that were colonised have the minerals and raw materials taken away which prevented them from developing once they gained independence
Colonisers were able to develop a veteran countries whereas those who were stolen from were unable to- Africa Asia
Conflict- Soldiers destroying infrastructure and property and education being disrupted and health facilities destroyed increases infant mortality rates and declining literacy rates
What are the three consequences of uneven development?
Wealth
Heath
International migration
Explain how wealth has become a consequence of uneven development
Wealth people have less income and lead to big inequalities within countries
this can impact the standards of living
the rich can afford good services which makes their life more convenient and comfortable
Explain how health has become a consequence of an uneven development
People in LICs have a lower life expectancy this because there is less health facilities available and infant mortality rate is higher
How is international migration a consequence for uneven development?
More people from LICs leave escape their country is to flee away from conflict and improve the quality of life in HICs
and search for better paid jobs and high quality of life
migrant workers and contribute to the economy of HIC instead of the LIC they leave which lead to the increases of development gap 
What are the five strategies that can reduce the development gap
Investment
aid
fair trade
intermediate tech
Micro finance loans
What is investment reducing the development gap?
When A FDI buys a property or invest in infrastructure
this leads to access to finance technology and expertise improving the infrastructure and industry and increasing services of LICs
How can Aid reduce the global development gap? What may happen ?
Providing money or resources for development projects like doing the school would help increase literacy rate and education
but some money is wasted by corrupt government and when
the money runs out projects can stop working if there is enough local knowledge or support
How can fair trade reduce the development gap? What could happen ?
It allows farmers in LIC used to getting a fair price of goods they produce I love them to provide for their families
Farmers receive a premium help in the local area like an instrumental pipeline for clean water in your school
But only small proportions of the extra money reach the producers for the rest boosts the retails profits
How can the use of intermediate technology reduce the development gap?
Simpler to use an affordable to build and cheap to maintain improves quality of life
solar powered LED lightbulbs
Children can study after dark schools in incomes industrial output can increase
How can micro finance loans improve the development gap? give an example
All loans given to people and I see that may not be able to get them from banks
allows them to start their own businesses and become financially independent
but it may lead to debt 
An example would be in Ethiopia benefited from high incomes and were able to invest in more livestock
What is urbanisation?
The growth a proportion of people living in urban areas
How many people in HICS have experienced urbanisation?
1% as people live in urban areas tend to move to less crowded rural areas so the rate of urbanisation is low
What percentage of people live in urban areas in a HICs?
80%
What is the rate of urbanisation in LICs ?
How many people live in urban areas
Higher rates such as 6%
only 30% of people live in urban areas
How many people live in urban areas in NEEs?
50%
of the rate of urbanisation is 2%
What is rural urban migration?
The movement of people from the countryside to cities
What are the push lfactors for rural migration?
Push factors
natural disasters can damage property which can be costly rural areas find it hard to recover as they tend to have fewer resources
mechanised agricultural equipment needs fewer workers so there are fewer jobs
desertification of land makes land and productive so people can’t support themselves farmers income is unstable
What are the pull factors to urbanisation and moving to urban areas?
More jobs in urban areas that are better paid
Access to better health care and education
Have a higher quality of life
What is urbanisation caused by?
Natural increase where the birth rate exceeds the death rate
What kinds of people are moving into cities
Young people trying to find work 
What is Lagos
Largest city in Africa and is the capital of Nigeria
What is the city’s population of Lagos?
14 million
What kind of country is Nigeria
Newly emerging economy
What is Lagos regionally
Large migrant population increases cultural diversity well connected with other towns making important for regional trade
What is Lagos nationally?
Hope to 80% of Nigeria’s industry
What is Lagos internationally
Main financial centre for the whole west Africa International port an airport is important for global trade
why has Lagos grown rapidly?
Britain colonise Lagos in 1860 baking at the centre of trade attracting many merchant
Ex slaves returned home to Lagos
When Lagos gained independence as rapid economic development as oil was no longer controlled by the British
There’s been high levels of natural increase in migration
Government has finance lots of construction project
Why may Lagos face poverty ?
There is room urban conflict to do with ethic and religion
What are some of Lagos’ Social opportunities?
Better heath care - more medicines
better education 20000 schools
Better access to electricity more people can cook
Has water treatment plants to provide safe drinking water
What are the economic opportunities of Lagos?
Lots of construction jobs due to new projects like eco-Atlantic
Lagos has loads of banks and manufacturing industries and two major ports
Lagos has Nollywood
What are the 4 issues with rapid growth in Lagos?
Slum settlement
access to clean water sanitation and energy
education healthcare
unemployment crime
Explain how slum and squatter settlements is an issue for Lagos due to rapid growth,?
Slum settlements and supporters-Home construction cannot keep up with Lagos and its growing population
making house prices too costly for people to 66% of people live in illegal slums
people face eviction and slums are demolished to clean up the city
How is access to clean water sanitation and energy an issue for Lagos due to rapid growth?
Only 40% of the city is connected to state water supply which leads to inflated prices to get water from in informal sellers
Poor sanitation up to 15 household share a toilet where the waste goes to local water sources which can lead to health problems like cholera
For energy Lagos doesn’t have enough electricity to power the whole city at once so neighbourhoods take in turns
some people get electricity from illegal connections which are normally cut off
How is access to health and education issue in Lagos due to rapid growth?
There’s not enough healthcare facilities and people can’t afford treatment and
there’s not enough schools and families can’t afford to send their children
How is unemployment and crime in issue in Lagos due to rapid growth?
There are not enough for more jobs for growing populations of people start scavenging items and rubbish dumps 60% of the population work it
off in for more jobs without legal protection there’s high levels of crime in slums that are patrolled by gangs called area boys commit crime and police slums themselves 
What were some economic issues Of Lagos due to rapid growth?
9000 tons of waste a day only 40% of rubbish is collected and there is a large rubbish dump Olusosun - toxic waste
Air pollution is not regulated or controlled
Traffic congestion is really bad because phase 2 hour commute limited public transport
What was the urban planning scheme to help improve quality of life I n Lagos slums?
The Makoko floating school 
What was the social benefits of the Makoko floating school?
Up to 100 students could go to school for free- No need to scavenge to pay school fees
School was booked by unskilled local workers- Gave them a job to do and schools to build their own homes
schools useful local community meetings and activities which increases Makoko community spirit
What were the economic benefits of the Makoko floating school?
Gives to the education to allow them to gain a good job and a good income reduce them out of property and breaking the poverty cycle
Gave jobs for local teachers
Can do the biogas plant which produces cooking gas for locals

What were the environmental benefits of the Makoko floating School?
From locally sourced materials Repairs will be easy no harm to the environment
Schools buoyancy allowed it to adjust to different water levels protecting children from floods
School run on solar power which was sustainable
and school collected rainwater
What are the 2 other ways we can reduce the gap in global development?
Industrial development- low levels - agriculture
Developing industry boosts GNI and developments as productivity skills and infrastructure improve
Debt relief - some country debt is cancelled - can spend more on development
Can start new health care scheme
How is tourism in Kenya increasing development?
Visa fees cut to make it cheaper to visit country
More employment
What are the benefits of tourism in Kenya ?
Contributes 4% to the economy and 1.1 mill employed
HDI value increased
Businesses in Kenya have invested in transport infrastructure- helps locals + cheaper
Maintains national parks
What are some negatives of tourism in kenya?
Maasai people forced of their land
Only small proportion of money goes to locals
Environment to destroyed by safari veichal a
Not reliable due to violence and crime tourism has fluctuated
What is the political context of Nigeria
Was a British colony until 1947 and now have a democratically elected gov
What is the social context of Nigeria ?
Medium levels of development
Large inequality’s of slums which a low literacy rate
What is Nigerias cultural context ?
Rich and diverse -
Nollywood films 🍿 world wide and afrobeats
What is Nigerias environmental context
Has cool safaris
What are the three industries of Nigeria ?
- Primary industries- agricultural - making the raw materials - low pay
- Secondary industry - manufacturing the raw materials employed 24% of the work force
3 tertiary and quaternary industry - tertiary- service and quaternary - knowledge has 34% of the workforce and large IT and finance firms
What TNC was in Nigeria ?
Shell
How much did shell 🐚 own ?
21% of the oil production
What were some disadvantages of shell 🐚 in Nigeria ?
Polluted farmland making soil infertile
Human rights abuse against the Ogoin communities
Workers working long hours in poor conditions
Profits go straight to the headquarters of HICS and not reinvested in Nigeria
What are the advantages of having shell as an TNC ?
Provide jobs
Have charities
Pay tax and use local companies to help them run
What is Nigerias politicos relationship with Britain and china
Has strong ties due to the commonwealth and imports petroleum oil to Britain
Has an headquarter in Abuja - OPEC
China has heavily invested to drill and discover new oil fields
