Section A: The Challenge Of Natural Hazards 🌋 Flashcards
What is a natural hazard ?
A natural process that puts a risk such a death or disruption onto human life or properties
What are the 2 main types of natural hazards ?
Geological- tectonic processes like earthquakes or volcanoes tsunami would be this
Meteorological - to do with climate and weather - cyclone 🌀 typhoons 🌀 floods
What are the 3 main factors that may effect to impacts of a natural hazard?
Vulnerability-
eg at night , everyone asleep 😴 lower reaction rate
Location near a volcanic eruption
High density population- more people, more lives at stake
Capacity to cope -
HIC - good aid and training- can cope more
LIC- may fail to get warning due to lack of technological advancements , more likely to get effected
Nature of natural hazard -
Some more riskier than others
Tropical storms can be predicted but earthquakes are more sudden - harder to predict and protect
MAGNITUDE on Richter scale the higher the more deadly
Frequency- if more often , more deadly
What are the primary effects of a natural hazard?
Death
Building destroyed
Crops damaged
Cutting off supplies- electricity plants cut off
What are secondary effects ? Give examples
Effects that occur as a result of primary effect
Starvation
Unemployment
Homelessness
Waterborne diseases due to lack of sanitation
Damage to economy
What do primary and secondary effects lead to ?
Immediate and long term responses!
Give an example of long term responses
Repair homes with stronger infrastructure to prevent the secondary effects of homelessness
Improve forecasting on predictions to help planning
Reconnect electricity wiring
Boost economy with tourism
Give examples of immediate responses
Foreign aid workers helping the injured and dead to prevent disease spreading
Setting up temporary shelters with nurses and food
Evacuation
What does the earths crust float on?
Mantle
What are the 2 crusts the earth is made off?
Continental- thicker and less dense and older
Oceanic - thiner but more dense, is being created all the time, younger
Why are plates moving?
Because of convection currents in mental
What are the three kinds of plate margins ?
Destructive
Constructive
Conservative
Describe Destructive margins. What do they do and what occurs there ?
When a continental crust meets a oceanic crust, the more denser oceanic crust subducts and is destroyed
Creating a rich magma
Volcanoes occur here
When two continental crusts meet, they fold upwards , causing a fold mountain to occur
What are conservative margins ?
Two plates move past each other at different speeds and directions 🧭 or at the same directions , but different speeds
Crust isn’t created or destroyed
What are constructive margins ?
Two plates move away from each other causing magma to rise and fill the gaps then cool, creating new crust
How do destructive margins form volcanoes 🌋?
The denser oceanic crust goes towards the mantle, causing it to melt forming a pool of magma with
The magma seeps through the crusts of the earth called vents causing it to abrupt and a volcano to form
How does volcanos form on constructive margins ?
Magma rises through the gaps of the two crusts moving apart , causing a volcano to form
Why may some volcanoes not form on plate boundaries?
They may be on hotspots, spots that are very hot
What do volcanoes 🌋 emit when they abrupt?
Lava and pyroclastic flows that are mineral rich and help the fertility of soil for farmers but do block the sun 🌞 preventing photosynthesis
How do earthquakes occur?
When tension builds up
How does earthquakes occur on destructive margins?
Tension builds up when one plate gets stuck trying to subduction or move past another
How does earthquakes occur on constructive margins ?
Tension builds along cracks in plates as they try to move away from from each other
How do earthquakes occur in conservative earthquakes?
Tension builds when plates grinding past eachother get stuck
Explain how the tension of plates lead to earthquakes
The jerks of tension between plates will lead to shock waves. The vibrations are earthquakes
The shock waves spread from focus 🧘♀️ (where earthquakes start) where they are most strongest and do the most damage
Onto the epicentre- the surface of the earth directly above the focus
What number and above causes the most damage on a Richter Scale?
7 or above
What was the magnitude of the 2015 Nepal earthquake?
7.9
What plate margin was the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?
Destructive
What was the location of the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?
West form Mount Everest
What caused the earthquake?
The collision of the Eurasian and Indian plate (both continental )
What are the primary effects of the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?
9000 died 20000 injured
1/3 of Nepal 🇳🇵 population effected
$5 billion cost of damage
Historical landmarks were damaged
What are the secondary effects of the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?
3 mill people left homeless
Landslides and Avalanches - 19 died - were triggers blocking roads , preventing aid from arriving
Landslide blocked rivers causing floods to occur
What were the immediate responses of the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?
Social media safety feature to spread info + warnings
International aid from UK India and china $87 mill raised
Charity and donations of first aid ⛑
UNICEF
What are the long term responded of the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?
7000 schools 🏫 replaced
Gov- strictest earthquake resistant buildings
What was the magnitude for the Italy earthquake in 2019?
5
Where was the Italy 🇮🇹 earthquake?
North east of Rome
What was the Italy 🇮🇹 earthquake caused by ?
Collision 💥 of the borders of the Eurasian plate and the African plate (destructive)
What where the primary effects of the Italy earthquake?
299 people were killed
Over 4000 were felt homeless
290 monuments were destroyed
What were the secondary effects of the Italy earthquake?
Local residents suffered psychological damage
Negative impact to tourism
Landslides blocked roads
What were the immediate responses of the Italy earthquake?
Sports halls where turned into shelters
Removed Wi-Fi passwords to help communicate with others
Tax relief was put out to help impacted individuals to recover quicker
What are the long term responses to the Italy earthquake?
Students educated at neighbouring schools
Moved people from camps to housing
Why do some people live near tectonic hazards ? 5)
May not afford to move
Little risk in HICs with monitoring and protection
Confident that government will financially support them if there was a natural disaster
Minerals from pyroclastic flows of volcanic ash makes the soil rich and fertile, that’s good for farmers
Tourist attraction - job opportunities
What are the 4 main managements for an natural disaster?
Monitoring
Protection
Planning
Prediction
How do we monitor if an natural disaster will occur ?
Monitoring- seismometer- monitors earth movement- early warning systems
Scientists 👩🏿🔬 analysing the gas releasing from volcano 🌋 or change in shape can indicate a volcanic eruption
How can we predict a natural disaster?
Movement of tectonic plates
Monitoring volcanoes
How can we plan how to cope with the natural disaster? 3)
aid can be trained fro the certain event
Schools can educate and have days of evacuation for practice
Emergency supplies can be stock piled
How can we protect people and buildings from earthquakes ?
New buildings can be built to absorb the earthquakes energy
Automatic turn off switches can be installed to prevent fires
Volcanoes - trenches can be put in roads to direct lava away from people
Buildings can be strengthened to not fall under the weight of the ash
What is global atmospheric Circulation?
The transfer of heat from the equator to the poles by the movement of air
what does Air move due to?
Differences in air pressure
wind blows from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas
Explain global atmospheric circulation
The Sun warms the Earth at the equator causing the air to rise this creates a low-pressure belt

30° north and south of the equator call as sinks causing a high-pressure belt
At ground level cool air moves back to the equator
As Tradewinds towards the equator or westerlies to the poles the winds curve because of the Earth rotation Coriolis effect
60° north and south of the equator the warmer surface winds beats the cooler air from the polls the warm air rises creating low pressure
Some of the moves back to the equator and the rest moves towards the poles
At the poles cool air sinks creating high-pressure belt which is drawn back towards the equator

What are the three circulation cells?
Polar cell
Low pressure
Ferrell cell
High pressure
Hadley cell
What does global atmospheric circulation influence
Weather and climate
What is the Sun at the equator
Directly overhead
meaning that it receives a lot of solar radiation
when it’s hot forming clouds so it rains a lot as warm moist air rises and forms clouds
What happens by the time air reaches 30° north and south of the equator?
Its released most of its moisture as rain dry ambience fewer clouds and little rainfall
What is the recipe for a tropical storm?
Sea temperature 27°C or higher
🪟 wind shear between the lower and higher parts of the atmosphere is low
Explain how tropical storms form
Warm surface water evaporates and rises and condenses into clouds
releasing huge amount of energy producing powerful storms the rising air create low pressure
which increases surface winds low wind shear prevents clouds breaking up as they rise so storm stay intact
Easterly winds move to the west and the storm spins due to the corolisis effect
As the storm moves over to the ocean energy as the warm water strengthens
so windspeed increases
storm loses strength when they move to land or cooler water as there needs to supply has been cut off
Explain the features of a tropical storm
Does the centre of the eye which is caused by descending a low-pressure light winds new clouds in the rain high temperature
What is the eye of the storm surrounded by?
Eye wall spiralling rising air strong winds
What happens towards the edges of a tropical storm?
Windspeed falls clouds become smaller less intense
Where was typhoon Haiyan?
Cebu 
When did Typhon Haiyan occur ?
November 2013
How much rain did typhoon Haiyan produce ?
280mm
What was the primary facts of typhoon Haiyan ?
8000 people were killed
Over 1 million homes destroyed
strong winds damaged electricity lines and
water supplies were contaminated by salt water
What were the secondary effects of typhoon Haiyan ?
Flooding triggered landslides and blocked roads delayed aid
Lack of clean water cause the outbreak of diseases
5.6 million workers lost their jobs and agricultural land was destroyed
What was the immediate responses of the Philippines Typhoon Haiyan ?
PAGASA - Broadcasted warnings evacuation of 800,000 before the storm
Charities provided with clean water food shelter
Pit lartrines were installed to prevent that outbreak of disease
What were the long-term responses to the typhoon Haiyan ?
UN Appealed over $300 million
Charities built storm resistant houses
Philippines tourism board encourage people to visit the country
What are the three ways climate change may affect tropical storms?
Sea surface temperatures may continue to rise this will affect the
frequency
Sea surface will stay 27°C for longer each year
meaning there is a longer period when storms conform meaning that there is more storms every year
Distribution- The more the average temperature of the sea surface rises this means that your customers conform where they haven’t experienced it before
Intensity- high sea levels result in more evaporation and more cloud formation minimal energy is the least leading to more powerful storms
How can we predict and monitor storms?
We can use the satellites to predict path of storm predict when and when to evacuate people
How can we plan for tropical storms
We can stop building on high-risk areas
government makes evacuation routes
emergency services can prepare 
What are the five hazards to the UK weather?
Strong winds
heavy rainfall
snow and ice
drought
thunderstorms
heat waves
What are the impacts of strong winds?
Can damage properties and disrupt transport
debris can injure or kill people
How may heavy rain for impact UK?
Can cause flooding which way disrupt transport and kill people
and may damaged homes which may cost millions
How may snow and ice impact the UK?
Could cause black ice which may cause death on roads
may force schools shuts disrupting of travel and economic impacts
How may drought effect the UK?
Water supplies are low cause an economic impact such as crop failure
may lead to rules to observe of water
How many thunderstorms impact the UK?
It may cause fires which can damage property
environment and lead to wildfires and kill somebody
How many heat waves impact the UK?
Pollution may build up in the air due to hot weather may cause he is exhaustion and breathing difficulties
which may lead to death
disruption of transport may cause economic impacts
but tourism industry may benefit for better weather
How is the U.K.’s weather be more extreme?
Temperature has increased rapidly and there’s been several heat waves
There Has been major flooding
Why have storms flooded the Somerset levels?
Somerset have experience three times the average rainfall because lots of rainfall have already fell on saturated ground leading to highest tides and storm surge


What are the social impacts of Somerset levels flooding?
600 homes flooded
got cut off from the road leading to transport links being closed
insurance prices soared- it will enable to pay for their homes against future flooding

What are the environmental impacts of the Somerset flooding?
Standing water made the ground toxic and Un productive
The loss of nutrients disease to the long-term fertility of land
Tons of debris were left by floods- Damaging vegetation
What were the economic impacts of the Somerset flooding?
£80 million cost of damage lots of tourism costs the county £200 million
What management strategies are used at the Somerset levels flooding?
Warning systems by the Met office to warn floodings individuals
Use sandbags and flood boards trying to limit damage to homes 
The build of a tidal barrier
widening river
What is the evidence for climate change
Ice and sediment cores
I sheets are made out of layers of ice 🧊- by analysing the gases that are trapped in each layer of ice you could tell what the temperature was from Antarctica temperature changes from over 400,000 years ago
Remains of organisms can be analysed
Temperature records -as in the 1850s they used thermometers 🌡 and we can look at harvest dates
Pollen analysis: and plants get preserved in sediment you can identify the date and she specific species and where they’re living at that time
Tree rings a tree forms a new ring each year three rings are thicker in warm wet conditions scientists take court and count the rings find the age of thickness shows the climate
What are some natural factors that are causes of climate change?
Orbital changes- A change in the orbit affects how much solar radiation the Earth receives more energy means more warming
Stretch- earths orbit around the Sun very circular to elliptical
Tilt -earths axis is tilted to the angle as it orbits the Sun
Wobble - earth axis wobbles like a spinning top
volcanic activity- major volcanic corruption is a jet to large quantities of material into the atmosphere the Sun reflects sun rays back to space the earth surface cools- Reason for short changes in climate
Solar output suns energy output isn’t constant reduces say that I’ll put means of may become cooler
What is the greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases absorb heat and get trapped in the earths atmosphere increasing its temperature
How do humans increase greenhouse gases?
Burning fossil fuels -
releasing CO2 into the atmosphere
Farming-
lots of livestock producers methane
Deforestation- removes the output of O2 plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere see your tools list when trees are burnt for fuel

What are mitigation strategies?
aim to reduce the cause
What are some mitigation strategies to reduce climate change?
Carbon capture- CCS reduces emissions from power stations
Planting trees- Increases amount of CO2 sold by the atmosphere through photosynthesis
Alternative energy productions -that going on renewable or windfarms
International agreements -the Paris act to reduce gas emissions limit global warming as a pledge
What is adaptation?
Responding and coping with the effects of climate change
What are the some ways that adaption may be a response to climate change?
Changing agricultural systems -new crop types by technology due to high temperatures and rainfall patterns
Managing water supply -water metersDiscourage excessive use of water
Coping with rising sea levels -better flood warning systems and flood barriers
