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Geography 🪨 > Section A: The Challenge Of Natural Hazards 🌋 > Flashcards

Section A: The Challenge Of Natural Hazards 🌋 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard ?

A

A natural process that puts a risk such a death or disruption onto human life or properties

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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of natural hazards ?

A

Geological- tectonic processes like earthquakes or volcanoes tsunami would be this

Meteorological - to do with climate and weather - cyclone 🌀 typhoons 🌀 floods

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3
Q

What are the 3 main factors that may effect to impacts of a natural hazard?

A

Vulnerability-
eg at night , everyone asleep 😴 lower reaction rate
Location near a volcanic eruption
High density population- more people, more lives at stake

Capacity to cope -
HIC - good aid and training- can cope more
LIC- may fail to get warning due to lack of technological advancements , more likely to get effected

Nature of natural hazard -
Some more riskier than others
Tropical storms can be predicted but earthquakes are more sudden - harder to predict and protect

MAGNITUDE on Richter scale the higher the more deadly

Frequency- if more often , more deadly

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4
Q

What are the primary effects of a natural hazard?

A

Death
Building destroyed
Crops damaged
Cutting off supplies- electricity plants cut off

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5
Q

What are secondary effects ? Give examples

A

Effects that occur as a result of primary effect
Starvation
Unemployment
Homelessness
Waterborne diseases due to lack of sanitation
Damage to economy

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6
Q

What do primary and secondary effects lead to ?

A

Immediate and long term responses!

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7
Q

Give an example of long term responses

A

Repair homes with stronger infrastructure to prevent the secondary effects of homelessness

Improve forecasting on predictions to help planning

Reconnect electricity wiring

Boost economy with tourism

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8
Q

Give examples of immediate responses

A

Foreign aid workers helping the injured and dead to prevent disease spreading

Setting up temporary shelters with nurses and food

Evacuation

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9
Q

What does the earths crust float on?

A

Mantle

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10
Q

What are the 2 crusts the earth is made off?

A

Continental- thicker and less dense and older

Oceanic - thiner but more dense, is being created all the time, younger

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11
Q

Why are plates moving?

A

Because of convection currents in mental

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12
Q

What are the three kinds of plate margins ?

A

Destructive
Constructive
Conservative

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13
Q

Describe Destructive margins. What do they do and what occurs there ?

A

When a continental crust meets a oceanic crust, the more denser oceanic crust subducts and is destroyed

Creating a rich magma
Volcanoes occur here

When two continental crusts meet, they fold upwards , causing a fold mountain to occur

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14
Q

What are conservative margins ?

A

Two plates move past each other at different speeds and directions 🧭 or at the same directions , but different speeds

Crust isn’t created or destroyed

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15
Q

What are constructive margins ?

A

Two plates move away from each other causing magma to rise and fill the gaps then cool, creating new crust

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16
Q

How do destructive margins form volcanoes 🌋?

A

The denser oceanic crust goes towards the mantle, causing it to melt forming a pool of magma with

The magma seeps through the crusts of the earth called vents causing it to abrupt and a volcano to form

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17
Q

How does volcanos form on constructive margins ?

A

Magma rises through the gaps of the two crusts moving apart , causing a volcano to form

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18
Q

Why may some volcanoes not form on plate boundaries?

A

They may be on hotspots, spots that are very hot

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19
Q

What do volcanoes 🌋 emit when they abrupt?

A

Lava and pyroclastic flows that are mineral rich and help the fertility of soil for farmers but do block the sun 🌞 preventing photosynthesis

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20
Q

How do earthquakes occur?

A

When tension builds up

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21
Q

How does earthquakes occur on destructive margins?

A

Tension builds up when one plate gets stuck trying to subduction or move past another

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22
Q

How does earthquakes occur on constructive margins ?

A

Tension builds along cracks in plates as they try to move away from from each other

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23
Q

How do earthquakes occur in conservative earthquakes?

A

Tension builds when plates grinding past eachother get stuck

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24
Q

Explain how the tension of plates lead to earthquakes

A

The jerks of tension between plates will lead to shock waves. The vibrations are earthquakes

The shock waves spread from focus 🧘‍♀️ (where earthquakes start) where they are most strongest and do the most damage

Onto the epicentre- the surface of the earth directly above the focus

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25
Q

What number and above causes the most damage on a Richter Scale?

A

7 or above

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26
Q

What was the magnitude of the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

7.9

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27
Q

What plate margin was the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?

A

Destructive

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28
Q

What was the location of the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?

A

West form Mount Everest

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29
Q

What caused the earthquake?

A

The collision of the Eurasian and Indian plate (both continental )

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30
Q

What are the primary effects of the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?

A

9000 died 20000 injured
1/3 of Nepal 🇳🇵 population effected
$5 billion cost of damage
Historical landmarks were damaged

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31
Q

What are the secondary effects of the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?

A

3 mill people left homeless

Landslides and Avalanches - 19 died - were triggers blocking roads , preventing aid from arriving

Landslide blocked rivers causing floods to occur

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32
Q

What were the immediate responses of the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?

A

Social media safety feature to spread info + warnings

International aid from UK India and china $87 mill raised

Charity and donations of first aid ⛑

UNICEF

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33
Q

What are the long term responded of the Nepal 🇳🇵 earthquake?

A

7000 schools 🏫 replaced
Gov- strictest earthquake resistant buildings

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34
Q

What was the magnitude for the Italy earthquake in 2019?

A

5

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35
Q

Where was the Italy 🇮🇹 earthquake?

A

North east of Rome

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36
Q

What was the Italy 🇮🇹 earthquake caused by ?

A

Collision 💥 of the borders of the Eurasian plate and the African plate (destructive)

37
Q

What where the primary effects of the Italy earthquake?

A

299 people were killed

Over 4000 were felt homeless

290 monuments were destroyed

38
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Italy earthquake?

A

Local residents suffered psychological damage

Negative impact to tourism

Landslides blocked roads

39
Q

What were the immediate responses of the Italy earthquake?

A

Sports halls where turned into shelters

Removed Wi-Fi passwords to help communicate with others

Tax relief was put out to help impacted individuals to recover quicker

40
Q

What are the long term responses to the Italy earthquake?

A

Students educated at neighbouring schools
Moved people from camps to housing

41
Q

Why do some people live near tectonic hazards ? 5)

A

May not afford to move

Little risk in HICs with monitoring and protection

Confident that government will financially support them if there was a natural disaster

Minerals from pyroclastic flows of volcanic ash makes the soil rich and fertile, that’s good for farmers

Tourist attraction - job opportunities

42
Q

What are the 4 main managements for an natural disaster?

A

Monitoring
Protection
Planning
Prediction

43
Q

How do we monitor if an natural disaster will occur ?

A

Monitoring- seismometer- monitors earth movement- early warning systems

Scientists 👩🏿‍🔬 analysing the gas releasing from volcano 🌋 or change in shape can indicate a volcanic eruption

44
Q

How can we predict a natural disaster?

A

Movement of tectonic plates

Monitoring volcanoes

45
Q

How can we plan how to cope with the natural disaster? 3)

A

aid can be trained fro the certain event

Schools can educate and have days of evacuation for practice

Emergency supplies can be stock piled

46
Q

How can we protect people and buildings from earthquakes ?

A

New buildings can be built to absorb the earthquakes energy

Automatic turn off switches can be installed to prevent fires

Volcanoes - trenches can be put in roads to direct lava away from people

Buildings can be strengthened to not fall under the weight of the ash

47
Q

What is global atmospheric Circulation?

A

The transfer of heat from the equator to the poles by the movement of air

48
Q

what does Air move due to?

A

Differences in air pressure

wind blows from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas

49
Q

Explain global atmospheric circulation

A

The Sun warms the Earth at the equator causing the air to rise this creates a low-pressure belt


30° north and south of the equator call as sinks causing a high-pressure belt

At ground level cool air moves back to the equator
As Tradewinds towards the equator or westerlies to the poles the winds curve because of the Earth rotation Coriolis effect

60° north and south of the equator the warmer surface winds beats the cooler air from the polls the warm air rises creating low pressure

Some of the moves back to the equator and the rest moves towards the poles

At the poles cool air sinks creating high-pressure belt which is drawn back towards the equator



50
Q

What are the three circulation cells?

A

Polar cell
Low pressure
Ferrell cell
High pressure
Hadley cell

51
Q

What does global atmospheric circulation influence

A

Weather and climate

52
Q

What is the Sun at the equator

A

Directly overhead

meaning that it receives a lot of solar radiation

when it’s hot forming clouds so it rains a lot as warm moist air rises and forms clouds

53
Q

What happens by the time air reaches 30° north and south of the equator?

A

Its released most of its moisture as rain dry ambience fewer clouds and little rainfall

54
Q

What is the recipe for a tropical storm?

A

Sea temperature 27°C or higher

🪟 wind shear between the lower and higher parts of the atmosphere is low

55
Q

Explain how tropical storms form

A

Warm surface water evaporates and rises and condenses into clouds

releasing huge amount of energy producing powerful storms the rising air create low pressure

which increases surface winds low wind shear prevents clouds breaking up as they rise so storm stay intact

Easterly winds move to the west and the storm spins due to the corolisis effect

As the storm moves over to the ocean energy as the warm water strengthens

so windspeed increases

storm loses strength when they move to land or cooler water as there needs to supply has been cut off

56
Q

Explain the features of a tropical storm

A

Does the centre of the eye which is caused by descending a low-pressure light winds new clouds in the rain high temperature

57
Q

What is the eye of the storm surrounded by?

A

Eye wall spiralling rising air strong winds

58
Q

What happens towards the edges of a tropical storm?

A

Windspeed falls clouds become smaller less intense

59
Q

Where was typhoon Haiyan?

A

Cebu 

60
Q

When did Typhon Haiyan occur ?

A

November 2013

61
Q

How much rain did typhoon Haiyan produce ?

A

280mm

62
Q

What was the primary facts of typhoon Haiyan ?

A

8000 people were killed

Over 1 million homes destroyed

strong winds damaged electricity lines and

water supplies were contaminated by salt water

63
Q

What were the secondary effects of typhoon Haiyan ?

A

Flooding triggered landslides and blocked roads delayed aid

Lack of clean water cause the outbreak of diseases

5.6 million workers lost their jobs and agricultural land was destroyed

64
Q

What was the immediate responses of the Philippines Typhoon Haiyan ?

A

PAGASA - Broadcasted warnings evacuation of 800,000 before the storm

Charities provided with clean water food shelter

Pit lartrines were installed to prevent that outbreak of disease

65
Q

What were the long-term responses to the typhoon Haiyan ?

A

UN Appealed over $300 million

Charities built storm resistant houses

Philippines tourism board encourage people to visit the country

66
Q

What are the three ways climate change may affect tropical storms?

A

Sea surface temperatures may continue to rise this will affect the

frequency

Sea surface will stay 27°C for longer each year

meaning there is a longer period when storms conform meaning that there is more storms every year

Distribution- The more the average temperature of the sea surface rises this means that your customers conform where they haven’t experienced it before

Intensity- high sea levels result in more evaporation and more cloud formation minimal energy is the least leading to more powerful storms

67
Q

How can we predict and monitor storms?

A

We can use the satellites to predict path of storm predict when and when to evacuate people

68
Q

How can we plan for tropical storms

A

We can stop building on high-risk areas

government makes evacuation routes

emergency services can prepare 

69
Q

What are the five hazards to the UK weather?

A

Strong winds
heavy rainfall
snow and ice
drought
thunderstorms
heat waves

70
Q

What are the impacts of strong winds?

A

Can damage properties and disrupt transport
debris can injure or kill people

71
Q

How may heavy rain for impact UK?

A

Can cause flooding which way disrupt transport and kill people

and may damaged homes which may cost millions

72
Q

How may snow and ice impact the UK?

A

Could cause black ice which may cause death on roads

may force schools shuts disrupting of travel and economic impacts

73
Q

How may drought effect the UK?

A

Water supplies are low cause an economic impact such as crop failure

may lead to rules to observe of water

74
Q

How many thunderstorms impact the UK?

A

It may cause fires which can damage property

environment and lead to wildfires and kill somebody

75
Q

How many heat waves impact the UK?

A

Pollution may build up in the air due to hot weather may cause he is exhaustion and breathing difficulties

which may lead to death

disruption of transport may cause economic impacts

but tourism industry may benefit for better weather

76
Q

How is the U.K.’s weather be more extreme?

A

Temperature has increased rapidly and there’s been several heat waves

There Has been major flooding

77
Q

Why have storms flooded the Somerset levels?

A

Somerset have experience three times the average rainfall because lots of rainfall have already fell on saturated ground leading to highest tides and storm surge




78
Q

What are the social impacts of Somerset levels flooding?

A

600 homes flooded

got cut off from the road leading to transport links being closed

insurance prices soared- it will enable to pay for their homes against future flooding


79
Q

What are the environmental impacts of the Somerset flooding?

A

Standing water made the ground toxic and Un productive

The loss of nutrients disease to the long-term fertility of land

Tons of debris were left by floods- Damaging vegetation

80
Q

What were the economic impacts of the Somerset flooding?

A

£80 million cost of damage lots of tourism costs the county £200 million

81
Q

What management strategies are used at the Somerset levels flooding?

A

Warning systems by the Met office to warn floodings individuals

Use sandbags and flood boards trying to limit damage to homes 

The build of a tidal barrier

widening river

82
Q

What is the evidence for climate change

A

Ice and sediment cores
I sheets are made out of layers of ice 🧊- by analysing the gases that are trapped in each layer of ice you could tell what the temperature was from Antarctica temperature changes from over 400,000 years ago

Remains of organisms can be analysed

Temperature records -as in the 1850s they used thermometers 🌡 and we can look at harvest dates

Pollen analysis: and plants get preserved in sediment you can identify the date and she specific species and where they’re living at that time

Tree rings a tree forms a new ring each year three rings are thicker in warm wet conditions scientists take court and count the rings find the age of thickness shows the climate

83
Q

What are some natural factors that are causes of climate change?

A

Orbital changes- A change in the orbit affects how much solar radiation the Earth receives more energy means more warming

Stretch- earths orbit around the Sun very circular to elliptical

Tilt -earths axis is tilted to the angle as it orbits the Sun

Wobble - earth axis wobbles like a spinning top

volcanic activity- major volcanic corruption is a jet to large quantities of material into the atmosphere the Sun reflects sun rays back to space the earth surface cools- Reason for short changes in climate

Solar output suns energy output isn’t constant reduces say that I’ll put means of may become cooler

84
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

Greenhouse gases absorb heat and get trapped in the earths atmosphere increasing its temperature

85
Q

How do humans increase greenhouse gases?

A

Burning fossil fuels -
releasing CO2 into the atmosphere

Farming-
lots of livestock producers methane

Deforestation- removes the output of O2 plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere see your tools list when trees are burnt for fuel


86
Q

What are mitigation strategies?

A

aim to reduce the cause

87
Q

What are some mitigation strategies to reduce climate change?

A

Carbon capture- CCS reduces emissions from power stations

Planting trees- Increases amount of CO2 sold by the atmosphere through photosynthesis

Alternative energy productions -that going on renewable or windfarms

International agreements -the Paris act to reduce gas emissions limit global warming as a pledge

88
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Responding and coping with the effects of climate change

89
Q

What are the some ways that adaption may be a response to climate change?

A

Changing agricultural systems -new crop types by technology due to high temperatures and rainfall patterns

Managing water supply -water metersDiscourage excessive use of water

Coping with rising sea levels -better flood warning systems and flood barriers

Geography 🪨 (6 decks)

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