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Neuro Physiology > The Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

The Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Dip

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2
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Elevation

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3
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Larger dip

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4
Q

Where is grey matter found on the brain?

A

On surface

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5
Q

Where is white matter found on the brain?

A

Inside

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6
Q

What is basal ganglia?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies buried in the white matter

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7
Q

Features of corupus callosum

A

Contain fibres which go from one hemisphere to another

A communicating bridge

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8
Q

Important sulci to remember

A

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Cingulate sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus

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9
Q

Important fissures to remember

A

Median longitudinal fissure

Transverse fissure

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10
Q

Important gyri to remember

A

Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
Cingulate gyrus

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11
Q

Another name for the lateral sulcus

A

Lateral fissure

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12
Q

What does the parietal lobe separate?

A

The parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

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13
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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14
Q

Gyri of the frontal lobe

A

Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus

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15
Q

What is cortical mapping?

A

Mosiac map of the cortex with 52 areas called Brodmann Areas

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16
Q

Main function of frontal lobe

A

Motor

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17
Q

What is the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

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18
Q

What is the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

Brocas Area of motor speech

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19
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Cognitive functions of higher order intellect
Judgement
Prediction
Planning

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20
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe

A

Somatotrophic representation of contralateral half of body (motor homunculus) - precentral gyrus
Brocas area of motor speech
Cognitive functions of higher order intellect, judgement, prediction and planning
Rest of musculature
Eyes

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21
Q

What is the post central gyrus?

A

Primary sensory area

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22
Q

Function of primary sensory area / post central gyrus

A 
Receives general sensations from the contralateral half of the body 
Somatostopic representation (sensory homunculus)
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23
Q

Parts of the parietal lobe

A

Post central gyrus
Superior parietal lobe
Inferior parietal lobe

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24
Q

Function of the superior parietal lobe

A

Interpretation of general sensory information (sensory association area)
Conscious awareness of contralateral half of body

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25
Q

Function of inferior parietal lobe

A

Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas

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26
Q

Additional function of the dominant hemisphere of the inferior parietal lobule

A

Contributes to language functions

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27
Q

What is observed in hemisensory neglect?

A

One field of vision

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28
Q

What is seen in right left agnosia?

A

Inability to process sensory information

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29
Q

What is acalculia?

A

Difficulty in performing simple mathematic tasks

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30
Q

What is agraphia?

A

Loss of ability to communicate through writing

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31
Q

Overall functions of the temporal lobe

A

Hearing

Smell

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32
Q

Areas of the temporal lobe

A

Superior temporal gyrus
Auditory association areas
Inferior surface receives fibres from olfactory tract (conscious appreciation of smell)

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33
Q

What is the superior temporal gyrus?

A

Primary auditory cortex

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34
Q

What is the auditory association area in the dominant hemisphere called?

A

Wernickes area

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35
Q

Function of wernickes area

A

Understanding of the spoken word

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36
Q

Main function of occipital lobe

A

Vision

37
Q

What is the calcarine sulcus on the occipital lobe? Where is this found?

A

Primary visual cortex

Medial surface of the occipital lobe

38
Q

What is the rest of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual association cortex

39
Q

Function of the visual association cortex

A

Interpretation of the visual images

40
Q

What is the limbic lobe involved with?

A

Memory

Emotional aspects of behaviour

41
Q

What does the limbic lobe consist of?

A

Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Amygdala

42
Q

Where is the hippocampus found?

A

Medial aspect of the temporal lobe

43
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

Subcortical grey matter close to the temporal pole

44
Q

What is the function of the posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Sensory

45
Q

What is the function of the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Motor

46
Q

What is the function of the medial portions of the cerebral hemisphere (limbic system)?

A

Storage and revival of processed information

47
Q

Two types of hemispheres

A

Dominant

Non dominant

48
Q

Main function of frontal lobe

A

Motor function i.e. skeletal muscle movement

intellect i.e. thinking

49
Q

Main function of parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory i.e. touch/temperature

50
Q

What part of the temporal lobe is hearing?

A

Top part

51
Q

What part of the temporal lobe is smell?

A

Bottom part

52
Q

What is Brocas Area?

A

Motor speech area

53
Q

What is Wernickes Area?

A

Auditory association area

Necessary for recognition of the spoken word

54
Q

Where is Wernickes Area found?

A

Temporal lobe in the dominant hemisphere

55
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Problem with speech due to damage to one or some speech areas in the brain

56
Q

Two types of aphasia

A

Broca’s Aphasia

Wernicke’s Aphasia

57
Q

Features of Broca’s Aphasia

A

Understands speech
Misses small words
Aware of difficulties in speech

58
Q

Where would be damaged to result in brocas aphasia?

A

Frontal lobe

59
Q

What may also be present with brocas aphasia?

A

Weakness/paralysis to one side of the body

60
Q

Features of Wernickes Aphasia

A

Fluent speech with new meaningless words
Cant understand speech
Doesn’t know of mistakes

61
Q

Where would there be damage to to result in wernickes aphasia?

A

Temporal lobe

62
Q

Would there be assosiated paralysis with wernickes aphasia?

A

No

63
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter in the forebrain?

A

Commissural fibres
Association fibres
Projection fibres

64
Q

Neumonic to remember the 3 types of white matter in the forebrain

A

CAP

65
Q

Function of commissural fibres

A

Connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)

66
Q

Function of association fibres

A

Connect one part of the cortex with the other

May be short or long

67
Q

Function of projection fibres

A

Runs between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres
Pass through the corona radiata and the internal capsule

68
Q

What is 3D cerebral tractography?

A

3D modelling technique that maps functional white matter tracts using data collected using MRI.

69
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Made up of projection fibres passing to and from the cerebral cortex

70
Q

Where is the internal capsule found?

A

Narrow area between the thalamus and caudate nucleus medially and the lentiform nucleus laterally

71
Q

Blood supply to the internal capsule

A

Middle cerebral artery

72
Q

When is the internal capsule frequently affected?

A

In stroke

73
Q

What is a main feature of the internal capsule?

A

It is very densely concentrated

74
Q

What are basal ganglia?

A

Subcortical nuclei (collection of neuronal cell bodies - grey matter) deep within each cerebral hemisphere

75
Q

What makes up basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

76
Q

What is functionally a part of the basal ganglia but not anatomically?

A

Substantia nigra

77
Q

What colour is substantia nigra?

A

Black

78
Q

Where does substantia nigra lie?

A

Midbrain

79
Q

What does the substantia nigra lie next to?

A

Red nucleus

80
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen laterally

Globus pallidus medially

81
Q

What are the input regions receiving input from the motor cortex, premotor cortex and from the thalamus?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

82
Q

What are the output regions connected to the input regions?

A

Globus pallidus

Substantia nigra

83
Q

What does the globus pallidus primary project to? In turn where does this send fibres to?

A

Thalamus

Sends fibres to motor area of the cortex

84
Q

Major function of the basal ganglia

A

Help regulate initiation and termination of movements

85
Q

What is the basal ganglia often called?

A

Extrapyramidal system

86
Q

White and grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Outer grey
Inner white
Deep in white - grey (basal ganglia)

87
Q

What separated the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

88
Q

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

Neuro Physiology (15 decks)

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