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Neuro Physiology > Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent) division

Motor (efferent) division

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2
Q

Divisions of the motor (efferent) division

A

Somatic motor

Autonomic

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3
Q

Divisions of the autonomic system

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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4
Q

Two types of neural cells

A

Neurones

Glial cells

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5
Q

What are neurones?

A

Structural and functional unit

Excitable cells

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6
Q

How are impulses carried in neurones?

A

As action potentials

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7
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Non excitable supporting cells

Much smaller than neurones

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8
Q

Structure of neurones

A

Multiple dendrites
One axon
The axon branches at the end with the synaptic terminal
Impulse transmission is by an action potential which can only travel in only one direction from cell body to synaptic terminal
Nucleus is loose chromatin with a prominent nucleolus

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9
Q

Cell organelles found in neurones

A

Mitochondria
rER (Nissl bodies)
Diffuse Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

Features of neurones

A

High metabolic rate
Long living and amniotic
Does not regenerate if dies (axons can)

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11
Q

What is the cytoplasm of the cell body in a neurone called?

A

Perikaryon

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12
Q

What is the axon of a neurone called?

A

Axoplasm

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13
Q

Can axons regenerate?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Can cell bodys regenerate?

A

No

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15
Q

Function of myelin sheath

A

Increase conduction speed in axons by ‘saltatory conduction’

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16
Q

What is saltatory conduction? Why is it beneficial?

A

Where the action potential jumps from node to node

Helps to speed up the rate in which conduction happens, especially in long axons

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17
Q

How is the myelin sheath formed in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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18
Q

How is the myelin sheath formed in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

In myelinated axons, what is formed?

A

A mesaxon

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20
Q

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A

Patchy loss/scarring of myelin sheath (demyelination) => nerve conduction across affected axons abnormal

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21
Q

Pathology of MS

A

Antigens of myelin sheath are abnormal and so the body’s immune system attacks, leading to patchy loss of myelination

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22
Q

What is seen on MRIs of MS?

A

Whitish plaques of demyelination

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23
Q

Types of neurones

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar

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24
Q

What type of neurone is your typical neurone?

A

Multipolar

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25
Q

What type of neurones are sensory neurones?

A

Pseudounipolar neruones

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26
Q

Features of pseudounipolar neurones

A

Cell body with one projection

Sensory neurones

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27
Q

Features of multipolar neurones

A

Interneurons

Motor neurones

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28
Q

Where are bipolar neurones found?

A

Retina

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29
Q

Are bipolar neurones common or rare?

A

Rare

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30
Q

Dorsal = ?

A

Sensory

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31
Q

Ventral = ?

A

Motor

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32
Q

Where do the cell bodies sit?

A

Dorsal route ganglions

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33
Q

What colour are axons in the CNS? Why?

A

Grey

They are myelinated

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34
Q

What colour are lots of cell bodies together in the CNS?

A

Grey

35
Q

What is a collection of white matter called?

A

Tracts

36
Q

What is a collection of bodies outside the NS called?

A

Ganglion

37
Q

What is a collection of bodies inside the NS called?

A

Nucleus

38
Q

What may different tracts carry?

A

Different modalities

39
Q

In the PNS what do myelinated axons form?

A

Nerves

40
Q

In the PNS, what do cell bodies form?

A

Ganglia

41
Q

What are glial cells?

A

The supportive cells of the CNS

42
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

They surround neurones and provide support for and insulation between them

43
Q

What are the 6 types of glial cells?

A 
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia 
Ependymal cells
44
Q

Which types of glial cells are found in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

45
Q

What types of glial cells are found in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

46
Q

Which is there more of, glial cells or neurones?

A

Glial cells

47
Q

Function of satellite cells

A

Surround neuronal cell bodies

48
Q

Function of schwann cells

A

Myelination in PNS

49
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

Have end feet
Surround synapses and capillaries
Help in K+ buffering

50
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

Myelination in CNS

51
Q

Function of microglia

A

Phagocytosis

Scar tissue formation

52
Q

Function of ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles

53
Q

What does CSF stand for?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

54
Q

What is CSF?

A

Fluid inside the cavity of the brain (the ventricles) and central canal of the spinal cord

55
Q

Where is CSF present?

A

Ventricles
Surrounding the brain
Spinal cord between the pia and arachnoid

56
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

Choroid plexus in each ventricle

57
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

By arachnoid villi into sagittal sinus (venous channel in brain)

58
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

A protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain and prevents harmful amino acids and ions present in the bloodstream and blood cells from entering the brain

59
Q

Layers of the BBB

A
  1. endothelium - tight junction
  2. thick basal lamina
  3. foot processes of astrocytes
60
Q

Where is the BBB absent?

A

Circumventricular organs

  • parts of hypothalamus
  • posterior pituitary
61
Q

How many hemispheres does the brain have?

A

2

62
Q

What is the brainstem made up from?

A

Mid brain
Pons
Medulla

63
Q

How many parts does the diencephalon have?

A

2

64
Q

Two parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

65
Q

Function of brainstem

A

Vital centres e.g. cardioresp

Pathway for fibre tracts

66
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Balance and coordination

67
Q

How are ventricles formed?

A

Cavity of neural tube persisting in the adult brain

68
Q

What ventricles are present in the brain?

A 
Lateral ventricles
Interventricular foramen 
Cerebral aqueduct 
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
69
Q

What cavity is found in the telencephalon?

A

Lateral ventricles

70
Q

What cavity is found in the diencephalon?

A

III ventricle

71
Q

What cavity is found in the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

72
Q

What cavity is found in the hindbrain?

A

IV ventricle

73
Q

Parts of the lateral ventricles

A

Anterior horn
Posterior horn
Inferior horn

74
Q

Layers of the protection of the brain

A 
Skin 
Subcutaneous tissue
Epicranial aponeurosis
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium 
Skull bones / cranium 
Meninges 
CSF
75
Q

What are the dural folds?

A

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

76
Q

What structure is the diaphagma sellae related to?

A

Pituitary gland

77
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A

Dura matter
Pia matter
Arachnoid matter

78
Q

Which meninge is the most outmost?

A

Dura mater

79
Q

Which meninge is found in the most inner?

A

Pia mater

80
Q

Features of dura mater

A

Tough
Fibrous
Has dural folds

81
Q

Features of pia mater

A

Vascularised

Dips into the folds of the brain

82
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

A potential space which is transversed by blood vessels penetrating into the CNS

83
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

A potential space that contains CNS

84
Q

Function of the BBB

A

Maintains homeostasis in the brain parenchyma

Neuro Physiology (15 decks)

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