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Year 2 - Theme 2 > The cerebellum and motor learning > Flashcards

The cerebellum and motor learning Flashcards

1
Q

Role of the cerebellum

A
  • Maintenance of balance and posture
  • Coordination of voluntary movements
  • Motor learning
  • Cognitive functions
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2
Q

Principle of organisation of the cerebellum

A
  • It compares movement intended to movement actually occurring
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3
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle
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4
Q

Functional subdivisions of the cerebellum

A
  • Vestibulocerebellum
  • Spinocerebellum
  • Cerebrocerebellum
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5
Q

What separates the cerebellum into two

A
  • Vermis
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6
Q

Location of the dentate nuclei

A
  • Cerebellar hemispheres
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7
Q

Location of interposed nucleus

A
  • Paravermal or intermediate zone
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8
Q

Location of fastigial nucleus

A
  • Vermis
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9
Q

Role of fastigial nucleus

A
  • Medial descending systems –> motor execution
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10
Q

Role of interposed nucleus

A
  • Lateral descending systems –> motor execution
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11
Q

Role of dentate nucleus

A
  • Areas 4 and 6 –> motor planning
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12
Q

Role of vestibular nucleus

A
  • Balance and eye movements
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13
Q

Lobes of the cerebellum

A
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Flocculonodular
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14
Q

Effects of lesions to the cerebrocerebellum pathway

A
  • Dysmetria, dysnergia, dysdiadochokinesia, intentional tremor and dysarthria
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15
Q

What is dysmetria

A
  • movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
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16
Q

What is dsynergia

A
  • Decomposition of complex movements
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17
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia

A
  • Reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
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18
Q

What is an intentional tremor

A
  • Tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
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19
Q

What is dysarthria

A
  • Articulation incoordination - incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc uneven speech strength and velocity
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20
Q

What is limb ataxia

A

. Limb ataxia is present when a limb that has no deficits in strength wobbles during movement or misses its target

21
Q

Steps of vestibular-ocular pathway reflex

A

1) Detection of rotation of fluid movement in canal
2) Excitation of extraocular muscles on one side
3) Inhibition of extraocular muscles on the other side
4) Compensating eye movement

22
Q

Muscles used in the vestibular-ocular reflex

A
  • Lateral rectus - Abducens nucleus(pons)

- Medial rectus - oculomotor nucleus(midbrain)

23
Q

Effect of lesions to the vestibulocerebellar pathway

A
  • Nystagmus
24
Q

What is nystagmus

A
  • Involuntary, rhythmical, repeated oscillations of one or both eyes, in any or all directions of view
  • Movement of the eyes minimises the ability to focus the eyes on one point(fixation)
25
Q

Effect of lesions in the spinocerebellar pathway

A
  • Gait ataxia(unsteadiness of walking), and disturbance of limb tone(hypotonia) and posture
26
Q

Cerebellar inputs

A

Mossy fibres and climbing fibres

27
Q

Origin of mossy fibres

A
  • From spinal cord and brainstem
28
Q

Origin of climbing fibres

A
  • From inferior olivary nucleus
29
Q

Cerebellar outputs

A
  • Deep cerebellar nuclei to
    1) Thalami
    2) Vestibular nuclei
    3) Red nucleus
30
Q

Layers of the cerebellar cortex(out to in)

A
  • Molecular layer
  • Purkinje cell layer
  • Granule cell layer
  • White matter
31
Q

Where does the corticopontinecerebellar tract receive signals from

A
  • Motor cortex

- Red nucleus

32
Q

How does the cerebellum receive proprioceptive feedback

A

Via

- Spinocerebellum and vestibulocerebellum pathways

33
Q

How is the actual response compared with desired response

A
  • via the cerebrocerebellum inputs from the supplementary motor cortex and the primary motor cortex to produce error signals
34
Q

What is the feedback loop

A
  • Error signal is the difference between desired input and the output. The feedback comes from the output
35
Q

Feedforward loop

A
  • Movements that are too fast to be corrected by feedback are executed using predictions of their outcome based on experiences. Crucial for learning new motor skills e.g riding a bicycle, playing tennis, driving
36
Q

What are error signals mainly derived from

A
  • error signals derive mainly from sensory information e.g direction of ball whist playing tennis, error in playing a musical instrument will sound wrong
37
Q

What are error signals sent via

A
  • The inferior olivary nucleus which then lead onto the climbing fibres
38
Q

What can alter the output of the purkinje cell

A
  • combination of the climbing fibres (error signal/complex spikes, background firing rate is 20-50Hz) and the mossy fibres (desired signal/simple spikes, Background firing rate 50-100Hz) will alter the output of the purkinje cell till you get a desired response.
39
Q

Why is there a long-term reduction in activation of the purkinje cells to a given task

A

· As a task is being learned, there are lots of complex and simple spikes. As complex spikes decrease, it changes the connections between the parallel fibres and the purkinje cells resulting in a reduction in effect from the simple spikes.

· The long-term reduction in activation of the purkinje cells to a given task is an example of plasticity.

40
Q

Genetic causes of cerebellar dysfunction

A 
· Inherited (rare)
· Frederich’s ataxia
· Spinocerebellar degeneration
· (Ataxia may occur if major connections disrupted)
· Ataxia-telengiectasia
· Von Hippel Lindau

Haemangioblastomas(VHL)

41
Q

Causes of acquired symmetrical ataxia

A 
· Eg-
· Alcohol
· Metabolic (B12/Thyroid/Coeliac)
· Drugs (eg phenytoin)
· Degenerative (familial, MSA)
· Immune (paraneoplastic)
42
Q

Arteries supplying the cerebellum

A

Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

43
Q

Where are SCA and AICA branches of

A
  • Basilar artery
44
Q

What is PICA a branch of

A
  • Vertebral artery
45
Q

Venous drainage of the cerebellum

A
  • Superior and inferior cerebellar veins
46
Q

Where do the superior and inferior cerebellar veins drain into

A
  • Superior petrosal sinus
  • Transverse sinus
  • Straight dural venous sinuses
47
Q

Manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction

A 
DANISH
D - Dysdiadochokinesia (difficulty in carrying our rapid, alternating movements)
A - Ataxia 
N - Nystagmus(coarse) 
I - Intention tremor 
S - Scanning speech 
H - Hypotonia
48
Q

When is ataxia more profound in cerebellar dysfunction

A
  • Often more profound if cerebellar nuclei, brainstem nuclei or white matter tracts involved(MS) than cerebellar cortex as some degree of plasticity
49
Q

Path of climbing fibres

A
  • neuronal projections from the inferior olivary nucleus located in the medulla oblongata
  • Axons pass through the pons and enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle where they form synapses with the deep cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells.
  • Each climbing fiber will form synapses with 1–10 Purkinje cells.

Year 2 - Theme 2 (14 decks)

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