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Year 2 - Theme 2 > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Features of the ANS

A
  • part of the PNS
    Involuntary control -
  • Regulates operation of the internal organs
  • Maintains internal environment
  • Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
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2
Q

3 divisions of the ANS

A
  • SYMPATHETIC
  • PARASYMPATHETIC
  • ENTERIC (The “Little Brain”)
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3
Q

Origins of sympathetic and parasymp innervation

A

Parasymp - brainstem

sym - T1-L2 region of spinal cord

parasymp - s2-s4 region of spinal cord

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4
Q

Path of axons in ANS

A
  • Axons do not pass directly to the effector organs
  • They form disynaptic pathways
  • Except symp supply to adrenal medulla
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5
Q

What is the main type of neurotransmitter within the autonomic ganglia

A
  • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons
  • Ionotropic ligand-gated(fast)
  • Acetylcholine opens pore and depolarises neuron
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6
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter in postganglionic sympathetic neurons

A
  • Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter
  • Except sweat glands use acetylcholine
  • binds to adrenergic receptors on the effector organ
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7
Q

What are the type of adrenergic receptors on the effector organ

A
  • Metabotropic g-protein coupled(slow)

- Multiple subtypes alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 and beta3

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8
Q

Location of alpha1 adrenergic receptors

A
  • On blood vessel smooth muscle
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9
Q

Use of prazosin

A
  • alpha1 antagonists are used to treat hypertension
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10
Q

Location of beta1 adrenergic receptors

A
  • On heart
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11
Q

Effect of atenolol on beta1 adrenergic receptors

A
  • Atenolol - beta1 antagonists are used to treat hypertension
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12
Q

Location of beta2 adrenergic receptors

A
  • On bronchial smooth muscle
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13
Q

Effect of salbutamol on beta2 adrenergic receptors

A
  • Beta2 agonists are used to treat asthma
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14
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter within adrenal medulla

A
  • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter
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15
Q

What does acetylcholine bind to within adrenal medulla

A
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells
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16
Q

Effect of acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors within adrenal medulla

A
  • Causes release of adrenalin/noradrenalin into circulation

- Direct activation of sympathetic effector organs

17
Q

Main neurotransmitter in postganglionic parasymp neurons

A
  • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter
18
Q

What type of receptors does acetylcholine bind to in postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

A
  • Binds to muscarinic receptors on the effector organ

- Metabotropic G-protein coupled(slow)

19
Q

Effect of atropine on cholinergic-muscarinic receptors

A
  • Cholinergic-muscarinic antagonist(lowers parasymp activity)
  • Used to treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions
20
Q

Effect of sympathetic activity on the cardiac muscle

A
  • increases pacemaker activity + contractile force
21
Q

Effect of sympathetic activity on the bronchi of lungs

A
  • Causes bronchodilation
22
Q

Effect of sympathetic activity on the sweat glands

A
  • Causes sweat secretion
23
Q

Effect of sympathetic activity on hair follicles

A
  • causes piloerection
24
Q

Effect of sympathetic activity on blood vessels

A
  • Vasoconstriction in skin and vasodilation in skeletal muscles
25
Q

Effect of sympathetic activity on abdomino-pelvic viscera

A
  • Inhibits peristalsis + gastric secretion
  • Stimulates glucagon secretion
  • Stimulates secretion of adrenaline from adrenal medulla
26
Q

Location of paravertebral ganglia

A
  • Interconnected paravertebral ganglia extends from cervical to sacral levels
27
Q

How do preganglionic fibres enter sympathetic trunk

A
  • Through white rami communications

- From T1-L2 spinal nerves only

28
Q

What does the lateral horn contain

A
  • Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons
29
Q

What do white ramus communicans contain

A
  • myelinated preganglionic neurons
30
Q

What do grey ramus communicans contain

A
  • Unmyelinated postganglionic neurons
31
Q

Pathway of preganglionic fibres upon entering the trunk

A
  • Synapse in ganglion(same level or travel to another level)
  • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia
32
Q

What are mass responses

A
  • Sympathetic responses are mass responses

- Allows coordinated activity at multiple levels

33
Q

Path of postganglionic fibres in the symp system from the sympathetic trunk

A
  • From sympathetic trunk, postganglionic fibres follow of two routes:
    1) To the periphery(sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels) - via grey rami communications back into spinal nerves
    2) To the viscera(heart, lungs, head) - via medial branches/plexus
34
Q

Path from prevertebral ganglia in symp system

A
  • From prevertebral ganglia, postganglionic fibres form plexus around viscera
35
Q

What are the 3 cervical ganglia in cervical symp trunk

A
  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior

Year 2 - Theme 2 (14 decks)

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