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Anatomy > The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic parts of the brain?

A
  • Brain Stem
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebral hemispheres
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2
Q

How is the Brain generally organized?

A

Gray-white-gray matter

  • White matter sandwich
  • due to groups of neurons migrating externally
  • outer layer is gray at the spinal cord
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3
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

expansions of the brain’s central cavity filled with CSF

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4
Q

What are the ventricles lined by?

A

ependymal cells

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5
Q

What are the ventricles continuous with?

A

each other as well as the central canal of the spinal cord

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6
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

in central hemispheres

-they are the ones that look like horseshoes

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7
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

in the diencephalon

-connected with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramen

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8
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

a tube-like central cavity connecting the third and fourth ventricles

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9
Q

Fourth ventricle?

A

in the brainstem

  • connects to central canal of spinal cord
  • has those lateral and medial apertures
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10
Q

What are the apertures of the fourth ventricle?

A

they are openings connecting the 4th ventricle with the subarachnoid space so CSF can fill it and surround the CNS with CSF.

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11
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain
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12
Q

What are the general functions of the brainstem?

A

serves as a passage for all fiber tracts running between the cerebrum and spinal cord

  • 10 of 12 cranial nerves attached to it
  • produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival
  • Integrates auditory and visual reflexes
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13
Q

Medulla oblongata?

A
  • continuous w/ spinal cord
  • choroid plexus lies in roof of 4th ventricle
  • Core contains visceral centers that control autonomic functions (lots of them)
  • also has nuclei for cranial nerves 8, 9, 10, and 12
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14
Q

What is the pons?

A

bridge b/w the midbrain and the medulla oblongata

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15
Q

What does the pons contain?

A

nuclei for cranial nerves 5,6, and 7

  • motor tracts passing through the cerebrum
  • pontine nuclei which connect portions of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
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16
Q

Where is the midbrain?

A

b/w the diencephalon and the pons

-central cavity is the cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

What does the midbrain contain?

A
  • central cavity with a choroid plexus
  • cerebral peduncles that carry corticospinal tracts to the spinal cord
  • superior cerebellar peduncles connect it to the cerebellum
  • Substantia nigra: neurons here contain melanin. Controls voluntary movement.
  • Nuclei for cranial nerves 3 and 4
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18
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

degeneration of the substantia nigra in the midbrain

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19
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

dorsal to the pons and medulla

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20
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

to smooth and coordinate body movements and help maintain equilibrium

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21
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of?

A

2 hemispheres that have a folded surface called folia

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22
Q

What are the folia of the cerebellum separated by?

A

fissures

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23
Q

Which part of the brain has higher cognitive functions for learning new motor skills?

A

the cerebellum

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24
Q

How does the cerebellum coordinate body movements?

A

it sends instructions back to the cerebrum to continuously adjust and fine-tune motor commands to resolve any differences between current position and intended movements

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25
Q

What is the diencephalon primarily composed of?

A

gray matter

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26
Q

What does the diencephalon border?

A

the 3rd ventricle

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27
Q

What are the 3 structures that the diencephalon is composed of?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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28
Q

Which structure makes up most (about 80%) of the diencephalon?

A

the thalamus

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29
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

sends axons to regions in the cerebrum

-it amplifies or tones down sensory signals

30
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

controls a lot of different stuff

  • ANS
  • emotional responses
  • body temp
  • hunger and thirst … etc
  • also involved in formation of memory
31
Q

What is the Epithalamus?

A

contains the pineal gland that secretes melatonin

-important for regulating the sleep/wake cycle

32
Q

What comprises 80% of the brain mass?

A

The Cortex

-it is made of gray matter with the folds tripling its size

33
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

What is the Transverses cerebral fissure?

A

it separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

35
Q

What are Sulci?

A

grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

36
Q

What divides the cerebrum into lobes?

A

Deeper sulci

37
Q

What are the lobes generally named after?

A

the skull bones overlying them

38
Q

name the different lobes

A

Frontal, oarietal, occipital, temporal, and insular

39
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

the central sulcus

40
Q

What is the central sulcus bordered by?

A

the precentral gyrus anteriorly and the postcentral gyrus posteriorly

41
Q

What separates the occipital from the parietal lobe?

A

the Parieto-occipital sulcus

42
Q

What separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes?

A

the lateral sulcus

43
Q

What are Gyri?

A

twisted ridges between the sulci

44
Q

What does the left hemisphere control?

A

language abilities, math, and logic

45
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A

visual-spatial skills, reading, facial expressions, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills

46
Q

Which cortex exhibits contralateral projection?

A

the somatosensory cortex and the cerebral motor cortex

47
Q

Which part of the cerebral motor cortex is linked to speech production?

A

Broca’s area

48
Q

Which area of the cerebral auditory cortex functions in speech comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area

49
Q

What does the primary visual cortex do?

A

receives info from retina where it undergoes a series of processing

50
Q

What does the visual association cortex area do?

A

surrounds primary visual cortex and analyzes color, form, and movement

51
Q

What are commissures?

A

composed of bundles of axon fibers allowing communication b/w cerebral hemispheres

52
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

the largest commissure interconnecting the cerebral hemispheres

53
Q

what is the corona radiata?

A

commissure fibers radiating out between the brain stem and the cerebral cortex

54
Q

What protects the brain?

A
  • skull
  • meninges
  • CSF
  • Blood brain barrier
55
Q

What do the meninges do?

A

cover and protect the CNS

-it also encloses and protects BVs supplying the CNS and contains the CSF (between the pia and arachnoid maters)

56
Q

What is the strongest of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater (tough mother)

57
Q

What do the extensions of the dura mater form in the cranial cavity?

A
  • Falx cerebri: fold b/w cerebral hemispheres
  • Falx cerebelli: fold b/w cerebellar hemispheres
  • Tentorial membrane: horizontal fold of dura supporting the posterior cerebral hemisphere
  • Blood sinuses: endothelial-lined dural spaces carrying venous blood from the brain to the internal jugular vein
58
Q

What are the different sinuses in the brain?

A
  • superior and inferior sagittal sinus
  • straight sinus
  • transverse sinus
  • and Sigmoid sinus (looks like an “S”)
59
Q

What is the next deepest meninge under the dura mater?

A

The arachnoid mater

-has projections that bulge through the dura mater into dural sinuses allowing CSF to filter back into the blood

60
Q

What is the Pia mater?

A

the delicate CT that clings tightly to the surface of the brain and follows its contours

  • serves as important route for BV’s supplying the brain
  • it’s the deepest of the meninges
61
Q

What is CSF formed by?

A

the choroid plexus found in the CNS ventricles

62
Q

What are some of the functions of the CSF?

A
  • gives buoyancy to the CNS
  • cushions CNS
  • helps nourish the CNS
63
Q

Where would one find the CSF?

A

circulating through hollow cavities of the CNS and within the subarachnoid space

64
Q

What is the Conus Medullaris?

A

The inferior end of the spinal cord

65
Q

What is the Filum Terminale?

A

long filament of CT attaching the terminal end of the spinal cord with the coccyx inferiorly

66
Q

What are the Cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A

where nerves for upper and lower limbs arise

-more neurons are found at these levels

67
Q

What is the Cauda equina?

A

the collection of spinal nerve roots running inferiorly within the vertebral canal before exiting

68
Q

How are spinal segments named?

A

by where the spinal nerve emerges from the vertebral canal

-Ex: T1 is the region where the first thoracic spinal nerve emerges

69
Q

What are spinal taps?

A

using a needle to enter the subarachnoid space inferior to the L1 or L2 levels to sample CSF

70
Q

What is white matter of the spinal cord?

A

located in the outer region and composed of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons that allow communication b/w the spinal cord and brain
-they can be ascending, descending, or commissural fibers

71
Q

What is the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

located inside and shaped like the letter “H” or a butterfly

-it consists primarily of neuronal cell bodies and glia

Anatomy (11 decks)

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