The cells (Unit 2)

Question 1

What is the definition of metabolism? (word for word)

Answer 1

-How cells use energy to build, break apart, store, and release substances in a controlled manner

Question 2

List the characteristics of a phospholipids

Answer 2

-contains 2 unsaturated fatty acid chains
-one phosphate functional groups
-It is Amphipathic( hydrophobic and hydrophilic)
The fatty acids are hydrophobic and the phosphate functional group is hydrophilic
-The most common molecule in the cell membrane

Question 3

List the characteristics of the plasma membrane/ cell membrane

Answer 3

-Its semi fluid/flexible
-Its semi permeable
- Contains 3 or 4 macromolecules( lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins)
-

Question 4

What does cholesterol do for our cell membrane? (three functions)

Answer 4

1. Maintains fluidity of the cell membrane in cold temperature.
2. Precursor molecule for the synthesis of vitamin D and steroid hormones.
3. It Functions in intracellular transport, cell signaling, nerve conduction

Question 5

What do Carbohydrates do for the cell membrane?

Answer 5

-Distinguish cell types
- Helps them stay together

Question 6

What do Proteins do for the cell membrane?

Answer 6

• Moves substances in and out of the cell
• Regulates what goes in and out of the cell
• Does the work of life

Question 7

What makes the cell membrane unique?

Answer 7

Its semi-permeable meaning its selective with what goes in and out

Question 8

What are the three types of Passive transport?

Answer 8

-Osmosis
-simple diffusion
-facilitated Diffusion
-DO NOT REQUIRE ATP

Question 9

Describe simple diffusion

Answer 9

-Molecules moved down a concentration gradient and through the phospholipid layer

Question 10

Describe Osmosis

Answer 10

-The movement of water in and out of a cell.
- More water to less water

Question 11

Describe facilitated Diffusion

Answer 11

-special proteins in the cell membrane help molecules move through

Question 12

What is one protein that is used in facilitated diffusion?

Answer 12

-Aquaporins- They help large volumes of water move in to out of the cells quickly.

Question 13

What do molecules that are going from a lower concentration gradient to a higher concentration gradient need?

Answer 13

ATP (cellular currency)
-FORM OF ENERGY YOUR BODY USES

Question 14

What are the three types of transports that require ATP?

Answer 14

-Active Transport
-Exocytosis
-Endocytosis

Question 15

Describe Active Transport

Answer 15

-movement of molecules through proteins against the concentration gradient using ATP.

Question 16

describe -Exocytosis

Answer 16

-Movement of large molecules out of a cell within a vesicle
-requires ATP

Question 17

Describe Endocytosis

Answer 17

-Movement of large molecules into a cell within vesicles.
-Requires ATP

Question 18

What are Vesicles made of?

Answer 18

Phospholipids

Question 19

What are the three types of endocytosis?

Answer 19

-Pinocytosis
-phagocytosis
-Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 20

Describe the function of pinocytosis

Answer 20

-“Cell Drinking”
-Fluid molecules are taken into the cell by forming a vesicle.

Question 21

Describe Phagocytosis

Answer 21

-“Cell eating”
-Way of eating for single-celled life forms.
-Macrophage destroys bacteria through phagocytosis

Question 22

Describe Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 22

-Selective transport into cells
-use binding to bring in specific molecules

Question 23

What are the 4 types of membrane Proteins?

Answer 23

-Transport/channel Proteins
-Receptor site proteins
- Cell adhesion/junction Proteins
- Cell recognition Protein

Question 24

Describe the functions of Transport proteins within the cell membrane

Answer 24

-These proteins include hydrophilic channels that allow hydrophilic substances to cross the membrane without being repelled by the hydrophobic bilayer.

Question 25

describe receptor site protein

Answer 25

-A protein that is specifically shaped to match a chemical that is crossing the membrane.
- When the protein and the molecule bond the chemical is released on the other side.

Question 26

Function of A Ligand

Answer 26

-chemically bonds/ activates protein
-binds to protein (ionic or hydrogen bonding)
-can be an activator or inhibitor

Question 27

functions of cell adhesion proteins

Answer 27

-works with carbohydrates to form glycoprotein
-helps regulate cell to cell communication
-

Question 28

What is a ligand?

Answer 28

-A smaller molecule that binds with the protein using ionic or hydrogen bonding.
-Only bonds if it has a complimentary shape.

Question 29

Describe cell adhesion proteins/junction proteins

Answer 29

-regulates cell-to-cell communications
-works with carbs to form glycoproteins, which all in all help cells make tissues
-support the structure of the membrane

Question 30

Describe Cell Recognition proteins

Answer 30

• Use carbs to form glycoproteins
• Act as surface markers on the cell
  -Helps distinguish the cells.

Question 31

Name three kinds of molecules that can’t get across the membrane

Answer 31

-Ions
- Large polar molecules
- Hydrophilic molecules

Question 32

What is an example of a cell recognition protein?

Answer 32

• Antigens

Question 33

Describe hypertonic?

Answer 33

Water is moving outside of the cell making it shrink

Question 34

Describe Hypotonic?

Answer 34

Water is moving inside of the cell making it increase in size and in some cases burst.