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Anatomy > The Cells, Tissues, and Organization of the Body > Flashcards

The Cells, Tissues, and Organization of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

zygote

A

results from the fusion of the ovum (female egg cell) and the spermatozoon (male sex cell)

from it the human body develops

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2
Q

cell consists of

A

plasma membrane inside which are a number of organelles
(small working parts/small organs) suspended in a watery fluid called cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are Organelles

A

have individual and highly specialized function, and are often enclosed in their own membrane within the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Types of Organelles

A

include the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton

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5
Q

plasma membrane

A

consists of two layers of phospholipids (fatty substances) with protein and sugar molecules embedded in them & lipid cholesterol

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6
Q

The membrane proteins perform several vital functions:

A
  • Branched carbohydrate molecules attached to the outside of some membrane protein molecules give the cell its immunological identity
  • They can act as specific receptors (recognition sites) for hormones and other chemical messengers
  • Some are enzymes
  • Some are involved in transport across the membrane
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7
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle and is contained within the nuclear envelope, a type of membrane similar to the plasma membrane but with tiny pores through
which substances can pass through

contains the body’s genetic material, which directs all the metabolic activities of the cell.

46 chromosomes, which are made from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

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8
Q

nucleolus

A

involved in manufacturing (synthesis) and assembly of the components of ribosomes

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

membranous, sausage-shaped structures in the cytoplasm of the cell, sometimes described as the “power house” of the cell

involved in aerobic respiration, the processes by which chemical energy is made available in the
cell

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

e tiny granules composed of RNA and proteins.

create proteins from amino acids using RNA as the template.
- including the enzymes required for metabolism

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11
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

s an extensive series of interconnecting membranous canals in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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12
Q

types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

smooth and rough

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13
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesizes lipids and steroid
hormones, and is also associated with the detoxification of some drugs.

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14
Q

rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes which are the site of synthesis of proteins, some of which are exported from the cell.

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

consists of stacks of closely folded flattened membranous sacs

present in all cells but is larger in those that synthesize and export proteins

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

one type of secretory vesicle with membranous walls, which are
formed by the Golgi apparatus.

contain a variety of enzymes involved in breaking down fragments of organelles and large molecules inside the cell into smaller particles that are either recycled, or extruded from the cell as waste material.

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17
Q

cytoskeleton

A

consists of an extensive network of tiny protein fibers.

These fibers are microfilaments,
microtubules, centrosomes
, cell extensions

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18
Q

microfilaments

A

the smallest fibers which provide structural support

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19
Q

microtubules

A

large contractile protein fibers that are involved in the movement of organelles within the cell, chromosomes, and cell extensions

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20
Q

centrosomes

A

directs organization of microtubules within the cell

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21
Q

cell extensions

A

project from the plasma membrane in some types of cells, allowing for movement of the cell

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22
Q

mitosis

A

a process that results in two new genetically identical daughter
cells

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23
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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24
Q

cell cycle

A

period between two cell divisions

has two phases, these being interphase and mitosis

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25
Q

Interphase

A

considered the longer of the two phases

divided into three separate stages:
* First gap phase - the cell grows in size and volume.

  • Synthesis of DNA - the chromosomes replicate forming two identical copies
    of DNA.
  • Second gap phase - there is further growth and preparation for cell division.
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26
Q

Mitosis phases

A

continuous process which involves four distinct phases, these are:

  • Prophase - chromatin replicates and becomes tightly coiled
  • Metaphase - chromatids align on the centre of the mitotic spindle, attached at
    their centromeres
  • Anaphase - the centromeres separate, and one of each pair of sister chromatids
    migrates to each end of the spindle
  • Telophase - the mitotic spindle disappears, the chromosomes uncoil and a
    nuclear envelope reforms
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27
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin replicates and becomes tightly coiled

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28
Q

Metaphase

A

chromatids align on the centre of the mitotic spindle, attached at
their centromeres

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29
Q

Anaphase

A

the centromeres separate, and one of each pair of sister chromatids
migrates to each end of the spindle

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30
Q

Telophase

A

the mitotic spindle disappears, the chromosomes uncoil and a
nuclear envelope reforms

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31
Q

active transport

A

transport of substances up their concentration gradient (uphill), or rather, from a lower to a higher concentration.

chemical energy in the form of ATP drives specialized protein carrier molecules that transport substances across the membrane in either direction.

The carrier sites are specific and can be used by only one substance, therefore the rate at which a substance is transferred depends on the number of sites available.

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32
Q

Types of active transport

A

bulk transport &

33
Q

bulk transport

A

via a sodium potassium pump that maintains the unequal concentration of sodium and potassium ions on either side of the plasma membrane.

may use up to 30% of cellular ATP requirements

In the cell potassium levels are much higher than outside, and sodium levels are much high outside of the cell.

34
Q

four main types of body tissue

A

Epithelial tissue or Epithelium

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

35
Q

Epithelial tissue or Epithelium

A

covering the whole body and the lining of various cavities, hollow organs, and tubes.

also found in glands

36
Q

functions of epithelium

A
  • Protection of underlying structures
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
37
Q

Simple epithelium

A

consists of a single layer of identical cells and is divided into
three main types (squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, and columnar epithelium).

It is usually found on absorptive or secretory surfaces where the single layer enhances these processes, and not usually on surfaces subject to stress

38
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

consist of several layers of cells of various shapes.

The main function of stratified epithelium is to protect underlying structures from mechanical wear and tear. There are two main types: stratified squamous and transitional.

39
Q

Connective tissue

A

abundant tissue in the body.

The connective tissue cells are more widely separated from each other than in epithelial tissues, and the intercellular substance (matrix) is present in considerably larger amounts.

There are usually fibers present in the matrix, which may be of a semisolid jelly-like consistency or dense and rigid.

40
Q

Connective tissue functions

A
  • Binding and structural support
  • Protection
  • Transport
  • Insulation
41
Q

Loose (areolar) connective tissue

A

most generalised type of connective tissue.

providing elasticity and tensile strength.

42
Q

Adipose tissue

A

consists of fat cells, containing large fat globules, in a matrix of
areolar tissue which falls into two types (white and brown)

43
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

also known as reticular tissue

has a semisolid matrix with fine
branching reticulin fibers.

contains reticular cells and white blood cells and is found in the lymph nodes and all organs of the lymphatic system

44
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

contains more fibers and fewer cells than loose connective
tissue and has two types which are fibrous and elastic tissue.

made up mainly of closely packed bundles of collagen fibers with very little matrix

45
Q

what does Dense connective tissue do

A
  • Forming ligaments which bind together bones
  • As an outer protective covering for bone
  • As an outer protective covering for some organs
  • Forming muscle sheaths, called muscle fascia
46
Q

Elastic tissue

A

capable of considerable extension and recoil.

the matrix consists mainly of masses of elastic fibers secreted by fibroblasts.

found in organs where stretching or alteration of shape is required such as in large blood vessel walls, the trachea, the bronchi, and the lungs.

47
Q

Cartilage

A

another connective tissue

firmer than other connective tissues;

the cells are called chondrocytes and are less numerous.

They are embedded in
matrix and enforced by collagen and elastic fibers.

48
Q

There are three types of cartilage:

A

hyaline

fibro

elastic

49
Q

bone

A

Bone cells (osteocytes) are surrounded by a matrix
of lagen fibers strengthened by inorganic salts, especially calcium and phosphate.

This provides bones with their characteristic strength and rigidity.

Bone tissue is
regenerated throughout life

50
Q

two types of bone

A
  • Compact bone - solid or dense appearance
  • Spongy or Cancellous bone - spongy or honeycomb like appearance
51
Q

Muscle contraction - three types of specialized contractile cells

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

52
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

forms muscles that move the bones because of striations.

These muscles are voluntary, meaning they are under conscious control

53
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

non-striated, visceral, or involuntary.

not under conscious control and has the intrinsic ability to contract and relax.

This type of tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs and are used to regulate the diameter of blood vessels, propel contents of the ureters, ducts of glands,
and the alimentary tract, and are also what expels the contents of the urinary bladder and uterus

54
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

this type of muscle is found only in the heart wall and is not under conscious control.

55
Q

Nervous tissue

A

consist of excitable cells such
as neurons, and non excitable cells known as glial cells (this will be covered more
in depth in the section on the nervous system)

56
Q

regeneration depends on

A

The extent to which regeneration is possible depends on the normal rate of turnover of particular types of cells

a rapid turnover regenerate most effectively

57
Q

rapid regeneration in

A

in the skin, mucous membrane, and uterine lining

58
Q

infrequent regeneration

A

liver, kidney, and smooth muscle cells

59
Q

tissues they are normally unable to replicate

A

nerve cells and skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

60
Q

Extensively damaged tissue is usually replaced by

A

fibrous tissue, meaning that the
functions carried out by the original tissue are lost

61
Q

Median Plane:

A

When the body, in the anatomical position is divided longitudally through the midline into right and left halves it has been divided in the median plane

62
Q

Directional Terms:

A

These paired terms are used to describe the location of body parts in relationship to others.

63
Q

Regional Terms:

A

describe parts of the body.

64
Q

Medial:

A

Structure is nearer to the midline.

“The heart is medial to the humerus”

65
Q

Lateral

A

Structure is further from the midline or at the side of the body.

“The humerus is lateral to the heart”

66
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to a point of attachment of a limb, or origin of a body part.

“The femur is proximal to the fibula”

67
Q

Distal

A

Further from a point of attachment of a limb, or origin of a body part.

“The fibula is distal to the femur”

68
Q

Anterior or ventral

A

Part of the body being described is nearer the front of the body.

“The sternum is anterior to the vertebrae”

69
Q

Posterior or dorsal

A

Part of the body being described is nearer the back of the body.

“The vertebrae is posterior to the sternum”

70
Q

Superior

A

Structure nearer the head

“The skull is superior to the scapula”

71
Q

Inferior

A

Structure further from the head

“The scapula are inferior to the skull”

72
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

contains the brain, and its boundaries are created by the bones of the skull

  • Anteriorly - 1 frontal bone
  • Laterally - 2 temporal bones
  • Posteriorly - 1 occipital bone
  • Superiorly - 2 parietal bones
  • Inferiorly - 1 sphenoid, and 1 ethmoid bone and parts of the frontal, temporal,
    and occipital bones.
73
Q

Thoracic Cavity - boundaries

A

upper part of the trunk

  • Anteriorly - The sternum and costal cartilages of the ribs
  • Laterally - 12 pairs of ribs and the intercostal muscles
  • Posteriorly - The thoracic vertebra
  • Superiorly - The structures forming the root of the neck
  • Inferiorly - The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle
74
Q

Thoracic Cavity - contains

A
  • The trachea, 2 bronchi, 2 lungs
  • The heart, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, numerous other blood vessels
  • The esophagus
  • Lymph vessels and lymph nodes
  • A variety of important nerves (reviewed in the section on the nervous system)
75
Q

Abdominal Cavity - boundaries

A

largest cavity in the body and is oval in shape

  • Superiorly - The diaphragm, which separates it from the thoracic cavity
  • Anteriorly - The muscles forming the anterior abdominal wall
  • Posteriorly - The lumbar vertebra and muscles forming the posterior abdominal
    wall
  • Laterally - The lower ribs and parts of the muscles of the abdominal wall
  • Inferiorly - It is continuous with the pelvic cavity
76
Q

Abdominal Cavity - contains

A
  • The stomach, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
  • The liver, gall bladder, bile ducts, and pancreas The spleen
  • 2 kidneys and the upper part of the ureters 2 adrenal glands
  • Numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes
77
Q

Pelvic Cavity - boundaries

A

roughly funnel shaped and extends from the lower end of the abdominal cavity

  • Superiorly - It is continuous with the abdominal cavity
  • Anteriorly - The pubic bones
  • Posteriorly - The sacrum and coccyx
  • Laterally - The innominate bones
  • Interiorly - The muscles of the pelvic floor
78
Q

Pelvic Cavity - contains

A
  • Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus
  • Some loops of the small intestine
  • Urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureters, and the urethra
  • In the female - the organs of the reproductive system: The uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and vagina
  • In the male, some of the organs of the reproductive system: the prostate gland,
    seminal vesicles, spermatic cords, deferent ducts, ejaculatory ducts, and the urethra

Anatomy (7 decks)

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