Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Human Body > Flashcards

Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

science of body structures and the relationships between them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Physiology

A

the science of the body and its functions - or rather, how the various body parts and body systems work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a relatively stable condition in the body’s internal environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the factors affecting lifelong good health

A
  • the environment and your own habits and behaviors.
  • Your genetic makeup.
  • The air you breathe, the food you eat, and even the thoughts you think.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the body’s six levels of structural organization

A

1 - chemical
2 - cellular
3 - tissue
4 - organ
5 - system
6 - organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chemical Level

A
  • This is the very basic and smallest level of organization.
  • includes atoms (the smallest unit of matter that participates in chemical reactions), and molecules (two or more atoms joined together).
  • Certain atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and sulfur are essential for maintaining human life.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cellular Level

A
  • molecules combine to form cells which are the basic structural and functional units of an organism.
  • Cells are considered the smallest living units within the human body.
  • Your body has many different types of cells; some of these are nerve cells, muscle fiber cells, and epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tissue Level

A
  • The tissue level consists of groupings of cells and the variety of materials surrounding them that work to perform a specific function.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

four basic types of tissues

A

1 - epithelial tissue
2 - connective tissue
3 - muscular tissue
4 - nervous tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Organ Level

A
  • At the organ level, a variety of different types of tissues are joined together to form an organ.
  • Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different tissues that work together to perform specific functions and are usually in a recognizable shape.
  • Some examples of organs are the stomach, skin, heart, and liver.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

System Level

A
  • A system generally consists of related organs that work towards a common function.
  • An example of a system or organ system is the digestive system, or cardiovascular system.
    Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system.
  • Your pancreas, for example, is part of both the digestive and hormone producing endocrine system.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Organism Level

A

An organism is considered to be any living individual where all parts of the human body function together, constituting of the whole and functioning body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

eleven systems within the human body

A

integumentary system (skin)
skeletal system
muscular system
nervous system
endocrine system
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
respiratory system
digestive system
urinary system
reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Integumentary System - component

A
  • Component organs for this system involves the skin and its associated structures such as our hair, finger and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands of the skin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Integumentary System - direct functions

A
  • Its direct functions are to protect the body, help regulate temperature, some waste elimination, vitamin D synthesis, the detection of sensations such as touch, pain, hot, and cold, and also to store fat and provides insulation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Skeletal System - component

A

Components of this system involves the bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Skeletal System - direct functions

A

Its direct functions are to support and protect the body, provide surface area for muscle attachments, aid body movement, house cells that produce blood cells, and store minerals and lipids (fats).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Muscular System - component

A

Components of this system involves the skeletal muscle tissue - usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include the smooth muscles of the heart).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Muscular System - direct functions

A

Its direct functions are to participate in the movement of the body, maintain posture, and be the body’s major source of heat production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nervous System - component

A

Components of this system involves the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as the eyes and ears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nervous System - direct functions

A

Its direct functions are to generate action potentials (nerve impulses), to regulate body activities, to detect changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interpret changes and respond by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Endocrine System - component

A

Components of this system involves the hormone producing glands such as the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, suprarenal (adrenal) glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes, as well as hormone producing cells in several other organs.

23
Q

Endocrine System - direct functions

A

Its direct functions are to regulate the body activities by releasing hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers transported in the blood from endocrine glands or tissues to a target organ

24
Q

Cardiovascular System - component

A

Components of this system involves the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

25
Q

Cardiovascular System - direct functions

A

Its direct functions are to pump blood through the blood vessels via the heart. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and waste away from cells.

It also helps to regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and the water content of bodily fluids.

Blood components help to defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.

26
Q

Lymphatic System - component

A

Components of this system involves lymphatic fluid (lymph plasma), and lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils.

27
Q

Lymphatic System - direct functions

A

Cells that carry out immune responses are also included; the predominant ones are B cells and T cells.

28
Q

Respiratory System - component

A

Components of this system involves the lungs and air passages which include the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading in and out of the lungs.

29
Q

Respiratory System - direct functions

A

Its direct functions are to transfer oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, as well as helping to regulate acid-based body fluids. Air flowing out of the lungs through the vocal cords produces sound (speech).

30
Q

Digestive System - component

A

Components of this system involves the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, colon, and anus.

31
Q

Digestive System - direct functions

A

It also includes the accessory organs that assist in a variety of digestive processes such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Its direct functions are to achieve the physical and chemical breakdown of food, to absorb nutrients, and to eliminate solid wastes

32
Q

Urinary System - component

A

Components of this system involves the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

33
Q

Urinary System - direct functions

A
  • Its direct functions are to produce, store, and eliminate urine, eliminate waste and regulate the volume and chemical composition of the blood, and to help maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids.
  • It also helps to maintain the body’s mineral balance and to helps regulate the production of red blood cells.
34
Q

Reproductive System - direct functions

A

Its direct functions are the production of sperm in males, the regulation of ovulation and menses in females and the regulation of reproductive and other body processes in both males and females.

35
Q

Reproductive System - component

A
  • Components of this system involves the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and the associated organs such as the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and mammary glands in females.
  • In males it includes the epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, and penis.
36
Q

define Metabolism

A

considered the sum of all chemical processes that occur within the living body.

37
Q

two phases of metabolism.

A
  • catabolism which is the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler substances,
  • anabolism which is the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.
38
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler substances,

39
Q

anabolism

A

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.

40
Q

Responsiveness

A

the living body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.

41
Q

Movement

A

the motion of the whole body but also includes individual organs, single cells, and even the tiny structures inside of cells.

42
Q

Growth

A

the increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells.

It can also be an increase in the number of cells, or both.

43
Q

Differentiation

A

the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.

These are known as precursor (stem) cells which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation.

44
Q

Reproduction

A

can refer to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or can refer to the production of a new individual.

45
Q

clinical death

A

the loss of heartbeat, absence of spontaneous breathing, and the loss of brain function

46
Q

important life processes of the body

A

Metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction

47
Q

feedback system

A

a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, etc

48
Q

feedback system includes three basic components:

A
  • receptor
  • control center
  • effector
49
Q

receptor

A

a body structure which monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

A good example of this is certain nerve endings in your skin which monitor the temperature of your environment.

50
Q

control center

A

sets the narrow range within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input from the receptors, and generates output commands when needed.

A good example of this is the brain which acts as a control center. It receives the impulses from the receptors (in this case your skin) and generates an outbound nerve impulse or output.

51
Q

effector

A

a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

Nearly every organ or tissue in your body can behave as an effector.

With the example of temperature, the brain, having received information from the skin receptors, creates a reaction - in this case, sending nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors) to produce shivering, which helps to generate heat and can thus raise your body temperature.

52
Q

two types of communicating feedback systems

A

negative feedback systems

positive feedback systems.

53
Q

negative feedback systems

A

Most biological feedback systems are negative feedback systems.

occurs when a system’s output acts to reduce or dampen the processes that lead to the output of that system, resulting in less output.

allow systems to self-stabilize.

inherently stable systems.

Negative feedback loops, in conjunction with the various stimuli that can affect a variable, typically produce a condition in which the variable oscillates around the set point.

eg: regulating blood sugar

54
Q

positive feedback systems

A

tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.

The control center still provides commands to an effector, but this time the effector produces a physiological response that adds to or reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition.

The action of a positive feedback system continues until it is interrupted by some mechanism.

inherently unstable systems - because a change in an input causes responses that produce continued changes in the same direction, positive feedback loops can lead to runaway conditions.

The term positive feedback is typically used as long as a variable has an ability to amplify itself, even if the components of a loop (receptor, control center and effector) are not easily identifiable

Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions