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Anatomy > Chemical Level Of Life > Flashcards

Chemical Level Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of an element that exists as a stable entity

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2
Q

element

A

a substance containing only one type of atom

eg: iron

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3
Q

compound

A

When a substance contains two or more different types of atom

water

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4
Q

our bodies are composed almost entirely of which 4 compounds

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

There are other, smaller amounts of as well which make up only 4% of our body weight, these include sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus

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5
Q

Atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms

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6
Q

atomic weight

A

the sum of its protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus

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7
Q

overall chemistry of living things depends upon

A

the active ability of atoms to reach and combine with one another to produce a wide range of molecules required for biological diversity.

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8
Q

An atom is considered reactive when

A

when at atom does not have a stable number of electrons in its outermost shell, and may donate, receive, or share electrons with one or more other atoms in order to achieve stability of function

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9
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of an element in which there is a different number of neutrons in the nucleus

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10
Q

types of chemical bonds

A

covalent
ionic

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11
Q

Covalent bonds

A

formed when atoms share their electrons with each other.

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12
Q

ionic bonds

A

weaker than covalent bonds and are formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

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13
Q

electrolyte

A

made up of an ionic compound which is dissolved in water.

it has the capacity to conduct electricity.

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14
Q

why are electrolytes important to the human body

A
  • Conduct electricity which is essential for muscle and nervous system function.
  • Exert osmotic pressure, keeping the body’s fluids in their own compartments.
  • Act as a buffer to resist pH changes in body fluids.
  • Important electrolytes in the body include sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, and phosphate.
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15
Q

molecular weight

A

the sum of the atomic weights of the elements forming its molecules

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16
Q

dissociate

A

they separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules

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17
Q

what dissociates?

A

inorganic acids, bases, or salts when they dissolve in water

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18
Q

acid

A

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions.

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19
Q

base

A

removes positively charged hydrogen from a solution and is therefore a proton acceptor.

many dissociate into one more more hydroxide ions and one or more cations.

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20
Q

salt

A

when dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is a positively charged hydrogen ion or an hydroxide ion

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21
Q

why are salts important in the body?

A

electrolytes that are important for carrying electrical currants, especially in nerve and muscular tissues.

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22
Q

how do salts form?

A

when acids and bases react with one another

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23
Q

pH

A

a scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution

logarithmic and inversely indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution

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24
Q

what are Carbohydrates made of

A

(sugars and starches) are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Organic molecules

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25
Q

glycosidic link

A

the bond formed when two sugars combine to form a bigger sugar & a water molecule is expelled

26
Q

Glucose

A

the main form in which sugar is used by cells, is a monosaccharide.

27
Q

Monosaccharides

A

can be linked together to form bigger sugars, ranging in size from two sugar units (disaccharides) to long chains containing many thousands of monosaccharides (polysaccharides).

28
Q

how is glucose metabolized?

A

either in the presence or absence of oxygen, but the process is much more efficient when oxygen is used.

29
Q

Carbohydrate sugars do the following:

A
  • Provide a ready source of energy to fuel cell metabolism.
  • Provide a form of energy storage.
  • Form an integral part of the structure of DNA and RNA.
  • Act as receptors on the cell surface, allowing the cell to recognize other molecules and cells.
30
Q

basic relationship of carbohydrates

A

carbon coupled with water molecules

31
Q

basic relationship of carbohydrates

A

carbon coupled with water molecules

32
Q

how are carbohydrates produced

A

by photosynthesis in plants

33
Q

carbs produce what type of energy?

A

both an immediate
and time-released energy source as they are digested easily and then consistently
metabolized in the blood stream.

34
Q

amino acids always contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

maybe sulfur

35
Q

building blocks of protein in human biochemistry

A

20 amino acids

36
Q

important groups of biologically
active substances that are proteins

A

carrier molecules (hemoglobin), enzymes, many hormones such as insulin, and antibodies

37
Q

what do proteins do

A

essential for growth and development

provides the body with energy, and is needed for the manufacturing of hormones,
antibodies, enzymes, and tissues

maintain the proper acid-alkali
balance in the body

38
Q

nonessential amino acids

A

they do not have to come from the diet because they can be synthesized by the body from other amino acids.

39
Q

essential amino acids

A

the body cannot synthesize them, and therefore must obtain them from the diet

40
Q

cachexia

A

presents as weight loss, muscle atrophy, and severe fatigue and can result
from a poor dietary protein intake

41
Q

Lipids

A

the inability for lipids to mix with water, making them hydrophobic.

most commonly made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms

42
Q

most important lipid groups

A
  • Phospholipids - integral to cell membrane and cell wall structures.
  • Certain fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K.
  • Fats (triglycerides)
  • Prostaglandins
  • Cholesterol
43
Q

Prostaglandins

A

chemicals derived from fatty acids that are involved in inflammation and other processes.

44
Q

Cholesterol

A

a lipid made in the liver, an integral part of cell membranes and steroid based hormones

45
Q

Fats (triglycerides)

A

a key energy source stored in adipose tissue, also a body insulator and protector of internal organs.

46
Q

Nucleic acids

A

largest molecules in the body and are built from nucleotides.

include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

47
Q

ATP

A

nucleotide that contains ribose (the sugar unit), adenine (the base), and three phosphate groups attached to the ribose

energy center for the body, or cellular energy

48
Q

The body needs chemical energy - main expenses

A
  • Drive synthetic reactions (i. e. building biological molecules)
  • Fuel movement (locomotion)
  • Transport substances across membranes
49
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions - that is, they speed the reaction up but do not physically change with the reaction itself, therefore
the body can use them over and over again.

50
Q

conditions for enzyme action

A

temperature

pH

Some enzymes require the presence of a cofactor, an ion or small molecule that
allows the enzyme to bind to its substrate

51
Q

anabolic reaction

A

When an enzyme catalyzes the combination of two or more substrates into a
larger product

52
Q

catabolic reactions

A

e breaking down the substrate into smaller products, as occurs during the digestion of foods.

53
Q

Passive movement

A

Substances will always travel from an area of high concentration to one of low
concentration, assuming that there is no barrier in the way

54
Q

how passive movement happens

A

diffusion or osmosis

55
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of a chemical substance from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration

occurs mainly in gases, liquids,
and solutions

56
Q

what affects diffusion rate

A

temperature

concentration

57
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

58
Q

isotonic

A

a solution having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, especially one in a cell or a body fluid

59
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

consists mainly of blood, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and fluid in the interstitial spaces of the body

60
Q

role of extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

mainly in lubrication, and they include joint (synovial) fluid, pericardial fluid (around the heart), and pleural fluid (around the lungs)

61
Q

intracellular fluid (tissue fluid)

A

bathes all the cells of the body
except the outer layers or the skin

62
Q

composition of intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

largely controlled by the cell itself, because there are selective uptake and discharge mechanisms present in the cell
membrane

Anatomy (7 decks)

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