THE CELL JBLE Flashcards
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most abundant protein in mammals?
collagens, 90% of the time its type I, 30% of body weight is collagen
this type of protein has great tensile strength, flexible but non-elastic
collagens
what produces collagen?
fibroblasts, mesenchyme, bone
what is this collagen type?
2 alpha 1
1 alpha 2
most ubiquitous, found in bones, tendons, healing more
Type I collagen
what is this collagen type?
3 alpha 2
made by chondroblasts in cartilage, fibers found in cartilage
Type II collagen
what is this collagen type?
3 alpha 3 chains
in reticular fibers
Type III collagen
what is this collagen type?
3 alpha 4 chains
in basal laminae
type IV
what is this collagen type?
structure unknown, fetal membranes
type V
what is this collagen type?
collagen is an interlinking collagen important for formation of basement membranes
type VII
this type of fiber is thin, primitive, a type III collagen
stains with silver
fragile and form fine support for delicate framework
first to appear embryonically for delicate and rapidly changeable stroma
reticular fibers
this type of fiber is long, thin, refractile, and yellow in fresh tissue, stretchable, no banding, stains with resorcin fuchsin and orcein
elastic fibers
T/F, cells of connective tissue can be fixed or wondering cells?
true
these types of CT cells are pluripotent and great in developing embryonic tissue?
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
T/F, all connective tissue come from mesenchyme, not mesoderm
true
these types of CT cells are similar in appearance to mesenchyme cells and responsible for the production of collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers and synthesis of GAGs, spindle shaped and fusiform
fibroblasts
fibroblasts or blastocysts are basophilic?
fibroblasts
what is unique about fibrocyte?
palely basophilic to eosinophilic and can revert back to active state like in wound healing
what is this CT cell?
wondering cells, irregularly shaped, ovoid or indented nucleus, has vacuole, capable of amoeboid movement, scavengers, and can form a giant body cell
macrophages
these CT cells are widely distributed in the CT, occur in small groups in relation to blood vessels, basophilic cytoplasmic granules that exhibit metachromasia, small, contain heparin, histamine, serotonin, releases ECF-A attracting eosinophils, NONPHAGOCYTIC, and regulate problems with blood pressure
mast cells
these are white blood cells that circulate the vascular system and can leave it to move into tissue for immune defense against pathogens, examples?
tissue leukocytes
lymphocytes and eosinophils
rare in dense ct, common along serous membranes and in lymphoid tissue and lamina propria
large lymphocytes with more basophilic cytoplasm
plasma cells
name this type of fat cell:
large and occur as a single mass, maybe clumps, spherical to polyhedral
derived from mesenchymal cells
stain with sudan dyes and sensitive to nutritional status
white adipocytes
name this type of fat cell:
present in late fetal and neonatal humans
small, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cytochromes
mutlilocular
brown adipocytes
what are the two embryonic CT?
mesenchyme
mucous
this type of mature CT proper is defined by lack of fibers and loose arrangement and composed of many ct. cell types and various fibers in a more fluid matrix
loose CT
what are the four types of mature CT proper?
basal lamina
areolar
lamina propria
reticular tissue
this type of mature CT is a thin layer of CT made by the tissue above it?
basal lamina
this type of mature CT is classic loose CT with little spaces, few fibers but fairly cellular, found everywhere associated with membranes, capsules, fascia, and in all body areas?
areolar
this mature CT is highly cellular loose CT found to underscore epithelia at certain regions and contains many lymphoid cells and few fibers
lamina propria
this mature CT is composed of reticular fibers and reticular cells for the production of the stroma of certain structures like lymphoid organs, nodes, and nodules
reticular tissue
this type of mature connective tissue has a dense packing of fibers and the type of tissue is named based on the arrangement of the fibers?
dense CT
what are the three main types of dense CT?
dense irregular (fibrous capsules) dense regular (tendon, ligaments, aponeurosis) elastic tissue (ligaments)
T/F, adipose is very vascular?
T
what are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
this type of cartilage is found in the body, ventral ribs, bronchi and trachea, articular surfaces, embryonic bone templates?
hyaline cartilage
this type of cartilage is found in the ear, corniculate, cuneiforms, tips of arytenoids?
elastic cartilage
this type of cartilage is found in the annuli fibrosi, pubic symphysis, tendon/ligament, attach to bone?
fibrocartilage
what is the line of development in terms of cells for bone?
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and some osteocytes
osteoclast is from monocytes
name this type of bone?
irregular arrangement of spicules(points) and trabeculae(bars)
nutrients from marrow cavity
spongy, cancellous, trabecular bone
name this type of bone?
regular arrangement in circular layers
lamellae surround Haversian canal
volkmann vessel run perpendicular to axis of bone?
compact, cortical dense bone
name this type of bone?
immature bone, rapidly formed/irregular collagen fibers, will be remodeled to mature bone
woven, immature bone
intramembranous ossification?
CT membrane
mesenchyme cells change
introduce osteoprogenitor cells and blasts into CT
mesenchyme differentiates to osteoblasts
cells make osteoid
osteoid is calcified and remodeled to other bone types
endochondral ossification?
cartilage template exists
vascularization to perichondrium
perichondrium differentiates into periosteum and collar bone produced
cartilage cells hypertrophy, calcify and die
periosteal vascular bud infiltrates diaphysis and income GF and stem cells
osteoblasts make woven bone in preexisting cartilage
bone calcified
secondary centers occur in epiphysis
once epiphysis is ossified, only the growth plates of epiphyseal discs remain for growth in length
what ossification process does bone heal by? describe the process via which bone heals?
intramembranous and endochondral ossification
damage brings clot of granulation tissue (pro callus)
vascularization brings stem cells to make a cartilaginous callus
this callus will be remodeled to bony callus (woven bone) and then to normal bone
what are the two types of synoviocytes?
type A, macrophages
type B, fibroblasts and make the HA and components of the fluid
what term is used to describe the standing up of hair? what else
piloerection
sympathetic stimulus
being cold
what comprises the pilosebaceous units?
hair follicle
sebaceous glands
arector pili
this is the largest organ with 16% body wt?
`skin
what layers comprise the skin?
epidermis
dermis
this layer of the skin is found at the surface and is stratified squamous, name the 5 strata that comprise this from the bottom up?
the epidermis
basale (germinativum) spinosum granulosum lucidum corneum
these two layers comprise the Malpighian layer, what process happens here?
basale
spinosum
mitosis
what cells are found in the epidermis?
keratinocytes
melanocyte
langerhan’s cell
merkel’s cell
this cell of the epidermis are the epithelial skin cells shaped from low columnar at basal layer to very squamous at the surface layers, makes keratin?
keratinocytes
this cell of the epidermis are the pigment cells of the basale, produces melanin and store in melanocomes. Secretes melanosomes into keratinocytes by cytocrine secretion moving supra nuclearly?
melanocyte
this cell of the epidermis are irregular cells with antigen receptors, these are immune cells, these come from bone marrow, considered APCs, secrete birbeck granules?
langerhans cell
this cell of the epidermis are irregular cells, make catecholamines, activate receptor endings in the skin?
merkel’s cell
this process happens when the melanocytes inject melanosomes into the keratinocytes, protecting the skin against UV damage?
cytocrine secretion
this is the lower layer of skin? what are the layers?
dermis
papillary
reticular
sweat glands are found in which layer?
reticular layer of the dermis
this is an example of muscle fibers found in the dermis of the skin?
arrector pili
what is found in the hypodermis?
superficial fascia
these cells give rise to the hair?
matrix cells
this basement membrane type layer is found between the dermal and epidermal membrane?
glassy membrane
what cell gives rise to the nail groove and nail plate?
the matrix cells
the nail bed is comprised of what two layers?
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
what part of the nail is this?
return of the str. lucidum and cornea below nail at tip?
hypoychium
what part of the nail is this?
str. corneum covers base as cuticle
eponychium
what percent volume is plasma in blood? RBC? WBC?
55%
45%
1%
what comprises blood?
plasma serum lymph erythrocytes leukocytes platelets hematopoiesis
what are two examples of ultrafiltrate of the blood?
lymph
sweat
are apocrine sweat glands apocrine or merocrine?
merocrine in function, but apocrine by name
what type of gland is this?
mucous
holocrine
produces viscous, waxy product
sebaceous gland
what type of gland is this?
comprised of light and dark cells
found in the axillary, anus, armpit
sweat glands
eccrine
apocrine
this type of gland releases secretory product and found in mammary glands?
myoepithelial cells
this component of blood is the ECM of blood?
plasma
this component of blood is the plasma minus the clotting factors?
serum
this component of blood is the tissue fluid?
lymph
what metabolic process is performed by RBCs only?
glycolysis
main fxns of RBC?
transportation of gases, nutrients, WBC
regulates body temp and electolyte balance]
exchange of gases
what is normal hematocrit and hemoglobin levels? anything less is what?
45 and 14 gm/dL
anemia
these are residual DNA bodies in the erythrocytes?
Howell jolly bodies
what part of the blood is this?
cell fragments (plastids)
platelets
what are the descriptive terms we can apply to describe blood staining?
acidophilic, orange to salmon pink
basophilic, dark blue
azurophilic, high purple
neutrophilic, pale pink to lilac
what comprises the hemoglobin molecule?
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
so four globing chains
term to describe more cells than normal?
cytosis
term to describe fewer cells than normal?
penia
leukocytosis is found in what type of disease?
bacterial
leukopenia is found in what type of disease?
viral
these are immature RBCs released early and have a few ribosomes left?
reticulocytes, larger than normal RBCs, 9-10 um
what percent of hemoglobin makes up the cell volume?
33%
these two proteins hold the biconcave shape of the RBC together and allow for folding?
spectrin
ankryin
