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KSUCPM CELL AND TISSUE > THE CELL JBLE > Flashcards

THE CELL JBLE Flashcards

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1
Q

most abundant protein in mammals?

A

collagens, 90% of the time its type I, 30% of body weight is collagen

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2
Q

this type of protein has great tensile strength, flexible but non-elastic

A

collagens

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3
Q

what produces collagen?

A

fibroblasts, mesenchyme, bone

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4
Q

what is this collagen type?

2 alpha 1
1 alpha 2

most ubiquitous, found in bones, tendons, healing more

A

Type I collagen

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5
Q

what is this collagen type?

3 alpha 2

made by chondroblasts in cartilage, fibers found in cartilage

A

Type II collagen

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6
Q

what is this collagen type?

3 alpha 3 chains

in reticular fibers

A

Type III collagen

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7
Q

what is this collagen type?

3 alpha 4 chains

in basal laminae

A

type IV

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8
Q

what is this collagen type?

structure unknown, fetal membranes

A

type V

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9
Q

what is this collagen type?

collagen is an interlinking collagen important for formation of basement membranes

A

type VII

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10
Q

this type of fiber is thin, primitive, a type III collagen

stains with silver
fragile and form fine support for delicate framework
first to appear embryonically for delicate and rapidly changeable stroma

A

reticular fibers

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11
Q

this type of fiber is long, thin, refractile, and yellow in fresh tissue, stretchable, no banding, stains with resorcin fuchsin and orcein

A

elastic fibers

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12
Q

T/F, cells of connective tissue can be fixed or wondering cells?

A

true

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13
Q

these types of CT cells are pluripotent and great in developing embryonic tissue?

A

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

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14
Q

T/F, all connective tissue come from mesenchyme, not mesoderm

A

true

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15
Q

these types of CT cells are similar in appearance to mesenchyme cells and responsible for the production of collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers and synthesis of GAGs, spindle shaped and fusiform

A

fibroblasts

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16
Q

fibroblasts or blastocysts are basophilic?

A

fibroblasts

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17
Q

what is unique about fibrocyte?

A

palely basophilic to eosinophilic and can revert back to active state like in wound healing

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18
Q

what is this CT cell?

wondering cells, irregularly shaped, ovoid or indented nucleus, has vacuole, capable of amoeboid movement, scavengers, and can form a giant body cell

A

macrophages

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19
Q

these CT cells are widely distributed in the CT, occur in small groups in relation to blood vessels, basophilic cytoplasmic granules that exhibit metachromasia, small, contain heparin, histamine, serotonin, releases ECF-A attracting eosinophils, NONPHAGOCYTIC, and regulate problems with blood pressure

A

mast cells

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20
Q

these are white blood cells that circulate the vascular system and can leave it to move into tissue for immune defense against pathogens, examples?

A

tissue leukocytes

lymphocytes and eosinophils

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21
Q

rare in dense ct, common along serous membranes and in lymphoid tissue and lamina propria

large lymphocytes with more basophilic cytoplasm

A

plasma cells

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22
Q

name this type of fat cell:

large and occur as a single mass, maybe clumps, spherical to polyhedral

derived from mesenchymal cells

stain with sudan dyes and sensitive to nutritional status

A

white adipocytes

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23
Q

name this type of fat cell:

present in late fetal and neonatal humans

small, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cytochromes

mutlilocular

A

brown adipocytes

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24
Q

what are the two embryonic CT?

A

mesenchyme

mucous

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25
Q

this type of mature CT proper is defined by lack of fibers and loose arrangement and composed of many ct. cell types and various fibers in a more fluid matrix

A

loose CT

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26
Q

what are the four types of mature CT proper?

A

basal lamina
areolar
lamina propria
reticular tissue

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27
Q

this type of mature CT is a thin layer of CT made by the tissue above it?

A

basal lamina

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28
Q

this type of mature CT is classic loose CT with little spaces, few fibers but fairly cellular, found everywhere associated with membranes, capsules, fascia, and in all body areas?

A

areolar

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29
Q

this mature CT is highly cellular loose CT found to underscore epithelia at certain regions and contains many lymphoid cells and few fibers

A

lamina propria

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30
Q

this mature CT is composed of reticular fibers and reticular cells for the production of the stroma of certain structures like lymphoid organs, nodes, and nodules

A

reticular tissue

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31
Q

this type of mature connective tissue has a dense packing of fibers and the type of tissue is named based on the arrangement of the fibers?

A

dense CT

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32
Q

what are the three main types of dense CT?

A 
dense irregular (fibrous capsules)
dense regular (tendon, ligaments, aponeurosis)
elastic tissue (ligaments)
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33
Q

T/F, adipose is very vascular?

A

T

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34
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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35
Q

this type of cartilage is found in the body, ventral ribs, bronchi and trachea, articular surfaces, embryonic bone templates?

A

hyaline cartilage

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36
Q

this type of cartilage is found in the ear, corniculate, cuneiforms, tips of arytenoids?

A

elastic cartilage

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37
Q

this type of cartilage is found in the annuli fibrosi, pubic symphysis, tendon/ligament, attach to bone?

A

fibrocartilage

38
Q

what is the line of development in terms of cells for bone?

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and some osteocytes

osteoclast is from monocytes

39
Q

name this type of bone?

irregular arrangement of spicules(points) and trabeculae(bars)

nutrients from marrow cavity

A

spongy, cancellous, trabecular bone

40
Q

name this type of bone?

regular arrangement in circular layers

lamellae surround Haversian canal

volkmann vessel run perpendicular to axis of bone?

A

compact, cortical dense bone

41
Q

name this type of bone?

immature bone, rapidly formed/irregular collagen fibers, will be remodeled to mature bone

A

woven, immature bone

42
Q

intramembranous ossification?

A

CT membrane
mesenchyme cells change
introduce osteoprogenitor cells and blasts into CT
mesenchyme differentiates to osteoblasts
cells make osteoid
osteoid is calcified and remodeled to other bone types

43
Q

endochondral ossification?

A

cartilage template exists
vascularization to perichondrium
perichondrium differentiates into periosteum and collar bone produced
cartilage cells hypertrophy, calcify and die
periosteal vascular bud infiltrates diaphysis and income GF and stem cells
osteoblasts make woven bone in preexisting cartilage
bone calcified
secondary centers occur in epiphysis
once epiphysis is ossified, only the growth plates of epiphyseal discs remain for growth in length

44
Q

what ossification process does bone heal by? describe the process via which bone heals?

A

intramembranous and endochondral ossification

damage brings clot of granulation tissue (pro callus)

vascularization brings stem cells to make a cartilaginous callus

this callus will be remodeled to bony callus (woven bone) and then to normal bone

45
Q

what are the two types of synoviocytes?

A

type A, macrophages

type B, fibroblasts and make the HA and components of the fluid

46
Q

what term is used to describe the standing up of hair? what else

A

piloerection

sympathetic stimulus
being cold

47
Q

what comprises the pilosebaceous units?

A

hair follicle
sebaceous glands
arector pili

48
Q

this is the largest organ with 16% body wt?

A

`skin

49
Q

what layers comprise the skin?

A

epidermis

dermis

50
Q

this layer of the skin is found at the surface and is stratified squamous, name the 5 strata that comprise this from the bottom up?

A

the epidermis

basale (germinativum)
spinosum
granulosum
lucidum
corneum
51
Q

these two layers comprise the Malpighian layer, what process happens here?

A

basale
spinosum

mitosis

52
Q

what cells are found in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes
melanocyte
langerhan’s cell
merkel’s cell

53
Q

this cell of the epidermis are the epithelial skin cells shaped from low columnar at basal layer to very squamous at the surface layers, makes keratin?

A

keratinocytes

54
Q

this cell of the epidermis are the pigment cells of the basale, produces melanin and store in melanocomes. Secretes melanosomes into keratinocytes by cytocrine secretion moving supra nuclearly?

A

melanocyte

55
Q

this cell of the epidermis are irregular cells with antigen receptors, these are immune cells, these come from bone marrow, considered APCs, secrete birbeck granules?

A

langerhans cell

56
Q

this cell of the epidermis are irregular cells, make catecholamines, activate receptor endings in the skin?

A

merkel’s cell

57
Q

this process happens when the melanocytes inject melanosomes into the keratinocytes, protecting the skin against UV damage?

A

cytocrine secretion

58
Q

this is the lower layer of skin? what are the layers?

A

dermis

papillary
reticular

59
Q

sweat glands are found in which layer?

A

reticular layer of the dermis

60
Q

this is an example of muscle fibers found in the dermis of the skin?

A

arrector pili

61
Q

what is found in the hypodermis?

A

superficial fascia

62
Q

these cells give rise to the hair?

A

matrix cells

63
Q

this basement membrane type layer is found between the dermal and epidermal membrane?

A

glassy membrane

64
Q

what cell gives rise to the nail groove and nail plate?

A

the matrix cells

65
Q

the nail bed is comprised of what two layers?

A

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

66
Q

what part of the nail is this?

return of the str. lucidum and cornea below nail at tip?

A

hypoychium

67
Q

what part of the nail is this?

str. corneum covers base as cuticle

A

eponychium

68
Q

what percent volume is plasma in blood? RBC? WBC?

A

55%
45%
1%

69
Q

what comprises blood?

A 
plasma 
serum
lymph
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
hematopoiesis
70
Q

what are two examples of ultrafiltrate of the blood?

A

lymph

sweat

71
Q

are apocrine sweat glands apocrine or merocrine?

A

merocrine in function, but apocrine by name

72
Q

what type of gland is this?

mucous
holocrine
produces viscous, waxy product

A

sebaceous gland

73
Q

what type of gland is this?

comprised of light and dark cells

found in the axillary, anus, armpit

A

sweat glands

eccrine
apocrine

74
Q

this type of gland releases secretory product and found in mammary glands?

A

myoepithelial cells

75
Q

this component of blood is the ECM of blood?

A

plasma

76
Q

this component of blood is the plasma minus the clotting factors?

A

serum

77
Q

this component of blood is the tissue fluid?

A

lymph

78
Q

what metabolic process is performed by RBCs only?

A

glycolysis

79
Q

main fxns of RBC?

A

transportation of gases, nutrients, WBC

regulates body temp and electolyte balance]

exchange of gases

80
Q

what is normal hematocrit and hemoglobin levels? anything less is what?

A

45 and 14 gm/dL

anemia

81
Q

these are residual DNA bodies in the erythrocytes?

A

Howell jolly bodies

82
Q

what part of the blood is this?

cell fragments (plastids)

A

platelets

83
Q

what are the descriptive terms we can apply to describe blood staining?

A

acidophilic, orange to salmon pink
basophilic, dark blue
azurophilic, high purple
neutrophilic, pale pink to lilac

84
Q

what comprises the hemoglobin molecule?

A

2 alpha chains
2 beta chains

so four globing chains

85
Q

term to describe more cells than normal?

A

cytosis

86
Q

term to describe fewer cells than normal?

A

penia

87
Q

leukocytosis is found in what type of disease?

A

bacterial

88
Q

leukopenia is found in what type of disease?

A

viral

89
Q

these are immature RBCs released early and have a few ribosomes left?

A

reticulocytes, larger than normal RBCs, 9-10 um

90
Q

what percent of hemoglobin makes up the cell volume?

A

33%

91
Q

these two proteins hold the biconcave shape of the RBC together and allow for folding?

A

spectrin

ankryin

KSUCPM CELL AND TISSUE (14 decks)

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