SUPPLEMENTAL Flashcards
ADDITIONAL NEED TO KNOW STUFF
this is a genetic disorder where the disaccharides for making derma tan sulfate are very low. it results in dwarfed stature, rapid aging, defects in muscle, joints and skin
progeria
these polysaccharides predominate over proteins in the matrix in invertebrates and plants?
cellulose (poly glucose) and chitin (poly-n-acetylglucosamine)
what comprises Hyaluronan?
1 glucuronate and 1 N-acetylglucosamine
this GAG is important as a space filler/retainer?
what is this GAG catabolized by?
this GAG has binding proteins found in the matrix and on cell membranes
Hyaluronan
Hyaluronidase
Hyaladherins
what are chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate comprised of?
glucuronate and 1 N-acetylgalactosamine
iduronate and 1 N-acetylgalactosamine
what are heparan sulfate and heparin comprised of?
glucuronate or iduronate and N-acetylglucosamine
between heparan sulfate and heparin, which one has more sulfates?
heparin
what is keratan sulfate comprised of?
galactose and N-acetylglucosamine
name this GAG
huge, no sulfate, not part of a. GAG
hyaluronan
name this GAG
most abundant
chondroitin SO4
name this GAG
most sulfate
heparin
name this GAG
less sulfate
heparin SO4
name this GAG
not to be confuses w/ keratin
keratan SO4
name this GAG
nothing special, epimer to chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan SO4
what are some specific signals that proteoglycans bind?
FGF
TGF
this type of proteoglycan is used for mechanical support, aggregates with hyaluronan
cartilage
130 GAGs
aggrecan
this type of proteoglycan is used to bind type I collagen and TGF-B
connective tissue
1 GAG
decorin
this type of proteoglycan is used for for cell adhesion and binding FGF
fibroblast and epithelial cells
1-3 GAGs
syndecan-1
this final form of collagen is found in bone and resists mechanical stress in the x,y,z plane?
angled bundle
this syndrome results from a mutation in the fibrillin gene, which could lead to a rupture in the aorta?
marfan’s syndrome
why is a1-antitrypsin important?deficiency causes what?
lung elasticity
emphysema
what are the phases for hair development?
alpha helix keratin protofibril microfibril macrofibril hair
for elastin, what gives the elasticity? what are the ends rich in?
hydrophobic R groups
rich in alanine and lysine, form alpha helical arrays and cross link with other elastin molecules
what is the effect of integrins triggering intracellular signal cascades?
binding to matrix alters gene expression
what are the primary noncellular components of bone?
collagen matrix mineral complex (hydroxyapatite) ground substance (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan)
what GAGs comprise the ground substance?
chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan
what are the osteoclasts derived from? osteoblasts?
hematopoietic stem cell
mesenchymal stem cells(osteoprogenitor cells)
this protein chaperones osteonectin unto collagen so that hydroxyapatite can form?
osteocalcin chaperones
the osteon contains this fluid type?
osteoid
what are the types of hormones that comprise the three hormones used in bone regulation?
parathyroid, polypeptide
1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, steroid protein
calcitonin, polypeptide
this hormone is not essential in humans and acts to decrease plasma Ca+ and HPO4,2-?
calcitonin
the primary target of PTH is the bone, stimulated by decrease Ca+, this increases PTH what is the effect on the short term and long term? how does the secondary target affect Ca and HPO4,2-?
overall net effect of primary and secondary targets?
increased osteoclast activity
increased osteoclast numbers
overall effect is increase in both plasma Ca and HPO4,2-
proximal and distal tubules are affected from the kidney, Ca is retained in plasma, HPO4,2o is lost in the urine
increase Ca and levels remain the same for HPO4,2-
what is the effect of PTH on the tertiary target (kidney)?
the proximal tubules are affected which adds the second OH- group to calcitriol and so you have increase in both Ca and HPO4,2-
what are the stages that cholesterol goes through to become 1,25-D3?
cholesterol
7-dehydro cholesterol in Gut
then to Vit D3 in the skin, this become 25-D3 in the liver, than 1,25 D3 in the kidney because of increased PTH or decreased HPO4,2-, if non available than it becomes 24,25 D3
what happens when PTH and calcitriol is present?
PTH overrides 1,25 D3 kidney effect and so Ca2+ is retained
what does calcitonin primarily prevent?
postprandiol hypercalcemia
