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KSUCPM CELL AND TISSUE > SUPPLEMENTAL > Flashcards

SUPPLEMENTAL Flashcards

ADDITIONAL NEED TO KNOW STUFF

1
Q

this is a genetic disorder where the disaccharides for making derma tan sulfate are very low. it results in dwarfed stature, rapid aging, defects in muscle, joints and skin

A

progeria

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2
Q

these polysaccharides predominate over proteins in the matrix in invertebrates and plants?

A

cellulose (poly glucose) and chitin (poly-n-acetylglucosamine)

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3
Q

what comprises Hyaluronan?

A

1 glucuronate and 1 N-acetylglucosamine

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4
Q

this GAG is important as a space filler/retainer?

what is this GAG catabolized by?

this GAG has binding proteins found in the matrix and on cell membranes

A

Hyaluronan

Hyaluronidase

Hyaladherins

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5
Q

what are chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate comprised of?

A

glucuronate and 1 N-acetylgalactosamine

iduronate and 1 N-acetylgalactosamine

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6
Q

what are heparan sulfate and heparin comprised of?

A

glucuronate or iduronate and N-acetylglucosamine

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7
Q

between heparan sulfate and heparin, which one has more sulfates?

A

heparin

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8
Q

what is keratan sulfate comprised of?

A

galactose and N-acetylglucosamine

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9
Q

name this GAG

huge, no sulfate, not part of a. GAG

A

hyaluronan

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10
Q

name this GAG

most abundant

A

chondroitin SO4

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11
Q

name this GAG

most sulfate

A

heparin

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12
Q

name this GAG

less sulfate

A

heparin SO4

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13
Q

name this GAG

not to be confuses w/ keratin

A

keratan SO4

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14
Q

name this GAG

nothing special, epimer to chondroitin sulfate

A

Dermatan SO4

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15
Q

what are some specific signals that proteoglycans bind?

A

FGF

TGF

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16
Q

this type of proteoglycan is used for mechanical support, aggregates with hyaluronan

cartilage

130 GAGs

A

aggrecan

17
Q

this type of proteoglycan is used to bind type I collagen and TGF-B

connective tissue

1 GAG

A

decorin

18
Q

this type of proteoglycan is used for for cell adhesion and binding FGF

fibroblast and epithelial cells

1-3 GAGs

A

syndecan-1

19
Q

this final form of collagen is found in bone and resists mechanical stress in the x,y,z plane?

A

angled bundle

20
Q

this syndrome results from a mutation in the fibrillin gene, which could lead to a rupture in the aorta?

A

marfan’s syndrome

21
Q

why is a1-antitrypsin important?deficiency causes what?

A

lung elasticity

emphysema

22
Q

what are the phases for hair development?

A 
alpha helix keratin
protofibril
microfibril
macrofibril
hair
23
Q

for elastin, what gives the elasticity? what are the ends rich in?

A

hydrophobic R groups

rich in alanine and lysine, form alpha helical arrays and cross link with other elastin molecules

24
Q

what is the effect of integrins triggering intracellular signal cascades?

A

binding to matrix alters gene expression

25
Q

what are the primary noncellular components of bone?

A 
collagen matrix
mineral complex (hydroxyapatite)
ground substance (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan)
26
Q

what GAGs comprise the ground substance?

A

chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan

27
Q

what are the osteoclasts derived from? osteoblasts?

A

hematopoietic stem cell

mesenchymal stem cells(osteoprogenitor cells)

28
Q

this protein chaperones osteonectin unto collagen so that hydroxyapatite can form?

A

osteocalcin chaperones

29
Q

the osteon contains this fluid type?

A

osteoid

30
Q

what are the types of hormones that comprise the three hormones used in bone regulation?

A

parathyroid, polypeptide
1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, steroid protein
calcitonin, polypeptide

31
Q

this hormone is not essential in humans and acts to decrease plasma Ca+ and HPO4,2-?

A

calcitonin

32
Q

the primary target of PTH is the bone, stimulated by decrease Ca+, this increases PTH what is the effect on the short term and long term? how does the secondary target affect Ca and HPO4,2-?

overall net effect of primary and secondary targets?

A

increased osteoclast activity

increased osteoclast numbers

overall effect is increase in both plasma Ca and HPO4,2-

proximal and distal tubules are affected from the kidney, Ca is retained in plasma, HPO4,2o is lost in the urine

increase Ca and levels remain the same for HPO4,2-

33
Q

what is the effect of PTH on the tertiary target (kidney)?

A

the proximal tubules are affected which adds the second OH- group to calcitriol and so you have increase in both Ca and HPO4,2-

34
Q

what are the stages that cholesterol goes through to become 1,25-D3?

A

cholesterol
7-dehydro cholesterol in Gut
then to Vit D3 in the skin, this become 25-D3 in the liver, than 1,25 D3 in the kidney because of increased PTH or decreased HPO4,2-, if non available than it becomes 24,25 D3

35
Q

what happens when PTH and calcitriol is present?

A

PTH overrides 1,25 D3 kidney effect and so Ca2+ is retained

36
Q

what does calcitonin primarily prevent?

A

postprandiol hypercalcemia

KSUCPM CELL AND TISSUE (14 decks)

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