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Applied Clinical Physiology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Way of absorbing nutrients into cell

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2
Q

What are characteristics of cells?

A
  • Endocytosis
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Active (carries out specific function)
  • Excrete (waste products)
  • React (to irritation or stimulation)
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3
Q

What are 4 compartments of cell?

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
  4. Nucleoplasm
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4
Q

How thick is cell membrane?

A

7.5-10nm

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5
Q

What is cell membrane made from?

A

Double layer of self-sealing phosophlipids with protein molecules dispersed throughout.

Hydrophobic fatty acid tails form inside of membrane
Hydrophilic polar heads form outside

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6
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

The phosopholipids form a ‘liquid’ structure and the proteins give structural support

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7
Q

What are some of the proteins in the cell membrane and what do they do?

A

Integral plasma membrane proteins (PMPs)

  • some for transport of materials in and out of cell
  • some are receptor sites

Peripheral PMPs

  • bind loosely to cell surface and easily separated
  • used in cell signalling
  • some used as enzymes to catalyse cellular reactions
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8
Q

What are functions of the cell membrane?

A
  1. Anchors cytoskeleton
  2. Allows cells to attach together forming the cellular matrix (tissues)
  3. Responsible for transport of molecules/substances into the cell
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9
Q

What are functions of proteins found in cell membrane?

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Enzymes
  3. Regulates water soluble substances going through membrane
  4. Receptors for hormones/neurotransmitters
  5. Glycoproteins (for cell-cell recognition)
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10
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Molecules entering/leaving the cell by moving down a concentration gradient. No cellular energy is required.

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11
Q

What are 4 types of passive transport?

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Osmosis
  4. Filtration
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12
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Net passive movement of molecules or ions due to the heir kinetic energy from an area of higher to one of lower concentration until equilibrium reached

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13
Q

What does rate of simple diffusion depend on?

A
  1. The substance - gasses diffuse moree rapidly than liquids
  2. Temperature - higher temp = faster diffusion
  3. Size of molecules - Smaller diffuse faster
  4. Surface area of cell membrane
  5. Solubility of molecules
  6. Concentration gradient
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14
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Larger molecules that can’t do simple diffusion hitch a ride with other proteins.

e.g. glucose - picked up by carrier molecule insulin - becomes soluble and can pass through membrane.

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15
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Net movement of water molecules from high to low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

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16
Q

What causes haemolysis of cells?

A

High osmotic pressure - if cell in low contracted solute. too much water goes into cell to balance and under high pressure the cell gets damaged.

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17
Q

What is filtration (type of passive transport)?

A

movement of solvents and solutes across semipermeable membrane as a result of gravity or hydrostatic pressure until there is no pressure difference.

Occurs in kidneys where BP forces water and small molecules through blood vessels into tubules.

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18
Q

What are 3 types of active transport?

A
  1. Using ATP
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Exocytosis
19
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement in the cell that uses cellular energy

20
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate

21
Q

How does ATP active transport work?

A

Energy comes from ATP being split into ADP and a phosphate.

Typically a cell uses 40% of ATP for active transport

22
Q

What are 2 advantages of ATP active transport over facilitated diffusion?

A
  1. Allows desirable solutes to accumulate within cells and undesirable to be removed
  2. Much of energy used is conserved so can be used as way of storing energy.
23
Q

What are 4 main active transport systems?

A
  1. sodium-potassium pump
  2. calcium pump (actively pumps Ca2+ into cells of muscles
  3. sodium-glucose linked co-transporter - found in intestinal musosa of s.intestine and proximal tubule of nephron
  4. high-affinity hydrogen glucose cotransporter
24
Q

What is endocytosis (active transport)

A

Absorbing of molecules by engulfing them.

Membrane pinched off to form vesicle.

25
Q

What are 3 types of endocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocytosis - only in certain cells like neutorphils/macrophages
  2. Pinocytosis - in all cells for relatively small particles and fluids
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis - for larger molecules
26
Q

What is exocytosis? (active transport)

A

Removal of unwanted matter from cytoplasm

Intracellular vesicle fuses with membrane and discharges contents into ECF.

Could be waste product or regulatory molecule.

27
Q

Give an example of exocytosis?

A

Glucose regulation

alpha and beta cells in islets of langerhan in Pancras secrete glucagon and insulin respectively. If glucose increases then beta cells secrete more insulin.

28
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Matrix where organelles are found
Thick, semitransparent fluid

75-90% water and solid substances like proteins

29
Q

What is purpose of cytoplasm?

A
  • provides shape and support
  • involved in movement of cell and structures within cell
  • chemical reactions occur in it
    e. g. receives raw materials, synthesises new substances packages chemicals for transport, converts usable energy
30
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Brain of the cell
Some cells have more than one (e.g. muscle fibres)
Some have no nucleus once matured (e.g. RBCs)
Have nuclear membrane - 2 layers, selectively permeable
Contains DNA - when not dividing it is threadlike mass called chromatin. Condenses before division

31
Q

what are nucleoi?

A

During cell division, they are spherical body that can be seen.

They produce ribosomes from RNA

32
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

membranes that form interconnected series of tubules, vesicles and channels - called cistern.

33
Q

What are 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Granular (rough) ER
    - associated with ribosomes
    - involved in protein synthesis
    - cells for protein synthesis will have more rough ER
  2. Agranular (smooth) ER
    - not linked to ribosomes
    - involved in synthesis of lipids, metabolising carbs, regulating calcium and detoxifying drugs.
    - Lots found in liver (detoxification)
34
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Formed in nucleus

Involved in protein synthesis

35
Q

What is Golgi apparatus?

A

Collection of membranous tube sand elongated sacs (flattened cisternae) stacked together

36
Q

What is function of Golgi apparatus?

A

Important for concentrating and packaging substances for the cell or for secretion.

Secretory cells will have more.

37
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Found in cytoplasm
Bound to cell membrane
Contain enzymes

Function is to break down and recycle large organic molecules.

The lysosomal enzymes can destroy cells too.

38
Q

What is peroxisome?

A

Like a lysosome but smaller. Found in most cells, with high quantity in liver cells.

39
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of cell
Generate ATP
Vary in numbers - depending on cell function

Double layer membrane - outer one is smooth, inner one has many folds (Cristae). This increase surface area for chemical reactions to occur.

40
Q

What is cytoskeleton?

A

Lattice like collection of fibres and fine tubes.
Helps maintain cell shape
Important for intracellular transport e.g. the vesicles

41
Q

What are 3 elements of cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microfilaments - rod like structure, made from actin
  2. microtubules - made from tubulin
  3. intermediate filaments
42
Q

What is function of cilia?

A

Motile cilia - to move fluid or particles over surface of cell.
Found in lungs/middle ear

Non-motile cilia - act as sensory antennae to receive signals

43
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

Larger than cilia.

Only example in humans = tail of sperm

Applied Clinical Physiology (14 decks)

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