Neuro Flashcards
Name functions of the frontal lobe
Prefrontal cortex:
- main site for cognitive function
- voluntary behaviours such as planning, problem solving, thinking attention and intelligence.
Premotor area:
- involved in planning and executing motor movements.
Primary motor area:
- initiates and coordinates voluntary motor movements
Broca’s area:
- production of spoken language
- processing of complex sentences
- Increases depth and abstract ability in thought and memory
- Autonomic function controls (e.g respiratory)
Name 5 functions of the parietal lobe
- perceive and integrate sensory information
- Sensibility
- Sensation of touch, pressure, position and vibration
- Allows analysis of sensory information
- Defines weight, shape, size, texture and consistency
- Allows awareness of body orientation
Name 3 functions of temporal lobe
- Auditory receptive area
- Interpretative area for the integration of auditory, visual and somatic information
- Allows memory and intellectual ability
includes:
- primary auditory area: responsible for processing sounds and their comprehension. And auditory memory
- Wernickes Area - language comprehension.
Name 5 functions of the occipital lobe
Primary visual area of brain.
- Mapping visual world
- Determining colour properties of items in visual field
- Assessing distance, size and depth
- Identifying visual stimuli, particularly familiar faces and objects
- Receiving raw visual data from perceptual sensors in the eyes retina.
What makes up the basal ganglia? (4)
Group of deep nuclei deep within the hemispheres
Lenticular nucleus
Caudate nucleus
Amygdaloid
Claustrum
What is role of basal ganglia?
Control of fine body motor control (balance, eye movement, posture).
Link thalamus with primary motor area.
Associated with limbic system.
What parts make up main bit of brain? And what is it called?
Cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum (called encephalon)
Diencephalon
What makes up diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus (pineal gland)
Pituitary Gland
What makes up cerebrum?
Frontal lobe Parietal Temporal Occiptal Basal Ganglia
What is role of thalamus?
- Conscious awareness
- Focussing attention
- The reticular activating system (sleep/wake cycles)
- The limbic system (emotions and memory)
What is hypothalamus found?
In optic chiasm.
Connected to pituitary gland by the pituitary stalk
Part of the limbic system
What is hypothalamus responsible for?
Maintaining homeostasis by regulating:
- body temp
- thirst
- appetite/weight control
- emotions
- sleep cycles
- sex drive
- blood pressure/heart rate
- production of gastric juices
- balancing bodily fluids
What hormones does hypothalamus control?
Secretes to the posterior pituitary:
- ADH
- Oxytocin
What hormones does anterior pituitary control?
- TSH (thyroid)
- ACTH (adrenal cortex)
- FSH/LH
- Growth Hormone
- Prolactin
- Endorphins
What is structure of cerebellum?
- The outer grey cortex
(inner granular layer, Purkinjie cell layer and outer molecular layer (synaptic)) Mother Please Go - The white matter - afferent and efferent impulse connections (nerves)
What does cerebellum control?
Monitors and regulates motor behaviour.
- Posture and gait (spinocerbellum)
- Coordination of movement (vestibulocerebellum)
- Voluntary muscle activity and tone (pontocerebellum)
What are 3 parts of brainstem?
- Midbrain
- Medulla Oblongata
- Pons
How many cranial nerves originate in the brainstem?
11 of 12.
What is function of midbrain?
Passageway for hemispheres and lower brain.
Major nuclei for controlling eye movement.
What does pons control?
11 of 12 cranial nerves leave here. Carries motor and sensory info for head and neck.
- Respiration
- Involuntary actions
- Hearing
- Taste
- Eye movement
- Facial expressions
- Chewing
- Production of saliva and tears
- Swallowing
What does medulla control?
Plays important part in reflex control of respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
- Head and eye coordination
- Motor and sensory pathways
- Cardiac
- Respiratory
- Vasomotor sensorys
What makes up limbic system?
Thalamus Corpus callosum Hippocampus Amygdala Hypothalamus Olfactory bulb
What does amygdala control?
Basic emotions - including fear.
What is limbic system involved in?
Emotion
Olfactory stimulation
Sexual arousal
Memory
Also role in stress response.
What is CSF composed of?
Clear colourless fluid
Water Protein Oxygen CO2 Sodium Potassium Chloride Glucose
What is role of CSF?
- Buoyancy - supporting mass to prevent ischaemia to lower part of brain.
- Mechanical Protection from jolts etc.
- Chemical Protection - Homeostasis of ph and ionic composition
- Clearing Waste and circulating nutrients such as glucose and oxygen.
What makes CSF?
Choroid plexus (lining the ventricles) Ependymal Cells (in ventricles and meningeal blood vessels) Blood vessels of brain and spinal cord
How is CSF made?
Active transport and diffusion
How much CSF is produced per day?
500ml a day
What is circulating volume of CSF
125ml
What absorbs the CSF?
arachnoid villi
What are layers of meninges?
Skull
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
What is function of blood brain barrier?
ensures the nervous system is isolated from rest of body.
Ensures environment is optimal for neurone function
Controls movement of organic and inorganic ions. Prevents peripheral neurotransmitters escaping and toxins entering CNS
What IS the blood brain barrier?
Capillary cells packed tighter together in brain and cels covered with astrocytes
What are two main types of cells in nervous system?
Neuroglia
Neurons
What are 5 types of neuroglia?
- Oligodendrocyte - type of Schwann cell found in brain (for CNS)
- Astrocyte - physical support cell,attaches to anything like capillaries/form BBB
- Ependyma -ciliated - line inner ventricles. produce CSF - found in choroid plexus
- microglia - immune cells of nervous system. imp in repair and regeneration (phagocytosis)
- Schwann - myelination - improve nerve conduction (for PNS)
What is function of neuroglia?
Structural support
Nourishment
Neuron protection - myelination
Phagocytosis
what is functions of neurone?
- React to chemical and sensory stimuli
- conduct impulses
- emit specific chemical regulators.
How does impulse pass down nerve?
At rest: resting membrane potential
Stimulus at dendrite make Na channels open
Na - flows into cell. - therefore lessening charge difference at that location. If big enough charge change then that will trigger next door Na channels to open - that area is depolarised.
The moving depolarisation = the action potential.
Behind the potential - na channels close and k channels open - allows k out which depolarises membrane. Then na/k pump fully restores the potential.
How does synapse work?
When action potential reaches end of axon - it opens Ca channel.
Causes vesicles containing neurotransmitter to be released.
They travel across synapse - lock into na channel in post synaptic membrane and cause it to open.
Name 4 main neurotransmitters
GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine
Noradrenaline
Name Cranial Nerves
- Olfactory S
- Optic S
- Oculmotor M
- Trochlear M (eye)
- Trigeminal (M&S)
- Abducent M (eye)
- Facial M
- Vestibulcochlear S
- Glossopharyngeal M +S
- Vagus M+S
- Accessory M
- Hypoglossal M (tongue)
What are signs of epilepsy?
Epilepsy is tendency to have seizures - not all seizures are epilepsy.
Essentially it is neurones misfiring.
Depending on type: muscle contractures/muscle tone loss. LOC Wet themselves Pale Twitching
What are causes of epilepsy?
Genetic
Injury
Infection
How common is epilepsy?
1 in 100 people. Common in children and over 65
How do you diagnose epilepsy?
EEG
Scans to rule out causes
What are some treatments for epilepsy?
Anti-epileptic drugs Ketogenic diet (for some) Vagus nerve stimulation Surgery Depp Brain Stimulation Cannabis Oil
What are symptoms people may have after brain injury?
Balance problems Headaches Dizziness Emotional and behavioural changes Memory problems Fatigue
What to go to A&E after head injury?
GCS <15 initially Bleeding disorder or anticoagulant meds LOC or seizure after injury Amnesia >5 min Vomit x 3 in children Pentetraing wound or skull fracture Persistent headache
What are primary and secondary headaches?
Primary:
Migraine
Tension headache
Cluster
Secondary result of underlying condition trauma malignancy infection hypertension sinusitis
What is corpus callosum?
Large bundle of fibres connecting left and right hemispheres.
What is function of pineal gland (part of epithalamus/diencephalon)?
Secretes melatonin - important in alertness, awareness and sleep cycle.
What does hippocampus control?
Most closely aligned to memory formation.
Important in spatial navigation.
What does CNS compromise of?
Brain
Spinal Cord
What does PNS compromise of?
12 cranial nerves 31 spinal nerves Sensory (afferent) neurones Motor (efferent) neurones Somatic nervous system (voluntary) Autonomic nervous system (involuntary) - sympathetic and parasympathetic.
