Growth & Development Flashcards
What are the 4 stages of growth?
Foetal, Infancy, Childhood, Puberty
What affects foetal growth?
Mother’s Genetics
Mother’s Health (e.g. hypertension)
Placental nutrition and function
Smoking/Drinking
Which is the most rapid phase of growth?
Foetal
What is foetal rate of growth?
about 10cm a month. Peaking at 13-18 weeks gestation
What is the most important factor in infant growth?
Nutrition
Describe infant growth
Linear growth.
Initially rapid about 25cm in 1st year
Then declines
Describe childhood growth
Relatively steady
Adult like proportions form (loose the toddler like top heavy stage)
Boy and girls = same
4-7cm a year
What is most important factor for growth in childhood?
Hormones - pituitary gland makes growth hormone - the main regulator of linear growth. IGF-1 and thyroid hormone also involved
What is a dysmorphic feature?
A difference to the ‘normal’ body structure
What are the features of Turner syndrome?
Short stature Low Hairline Neck Webbing Broad Chest Short 4/5 metacarpals Inner ear problems Co-arctation of the aorta Gonandal Dysgenesis
What is genetic problem of Turner syndrome?
Monosomy of X
Features of Down Syndrome
Upslanting palpebral fissure Flat face Hypotonia Hypertelorism Protruding Tongue Epicanthic folds Skin fold on neck
What does hypertelorism mean?
Eyes far apart
What does epicanthic fold mean?
Skin fold covering inner corner of eye
Describe Silver Russell Syndrome
IUGR/SGA Frequent asymmetry e.g. leg length Relative macrocephaly - gives distinctive facial type (upside down triangle) Cafe au lait spots Cliniodactyly of 5th finger
Describe Noonan Syndrome
Autosomal dominant Short stature Pectus carinatum Cryptorchidism Low hairline/neck webbing Ptosis Hypertelorism Low Set Ears
What are endocrine causes of short stature?
Hypothyroidism
GH deficiency/resistance
Cushings syndrome
Parathyroid/Vitamin D disorder
What are physical causes of short stature?
Dysmorphic syndromes (turner, Noonan, silver Russell, dwarfism) Skeletal Dysplasia Chronic disease Malnutrition Renal Failure IUGR small for gestational age prematurity
What is adrenarche?
Androgen dependent changes e.g BO, pubic hair and acne
What is therlarche?
Breast development
What is puberty?
Secondary characteristics (e.g low voice) and reproductive capacity
What is menarche
Menstruation starts
When is normal puberty in girls?
After age of 8years - mean 10 years
When is normal puberty in boys?
After age of 9 - mean age 12.
What are the boy stages of pubertal development?
Testicular growth – Penis, pubic and axillary hair growth – height – voice depends & facial hair
What are girl stages of pubertal development?
Breast
Height
Pubic and axillary hair
Menarche
