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MCAT Biology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

contains all of the genetic material necessary for replication of the cell

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2
Q

Mitochondrion

A

location of many metabolic processes and ATP production

Includes: pyruvate dehydrogenase, CAC, ETC, oxidative phosphorylation, B-oxidation, some of gluconeogenesis, urea cycle

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3
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates

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4
Q

Rough ER

A

interconnected membranous structure with ribosomes studding the outside; site of synthesis of proteins destined for insertion into a membrane or secretion

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5
Q

Smooth ER

A

interconnected membranous structure where lipid synthesis and detoxification occurs

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

membrane bound sacs where the posttranslational modification of protein occurs

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7
Q

Peroxisomes

A

organelle containing hydrogen peroxide; site of beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids

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8
Q

Membrane Characteristics

A

Exterior: hydrophilic phosphate head groups
Interior: hydrophobic fatty acids
Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and embedded proteins

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9
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. the cell is the basic functional unit of life
  3. cells arise only from preexisting cells
  4. cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA which is passed on from parent to daughter
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10
Q

Prokaryotic Shape

A

Cocci: spherical
Bacilli: rod-shaped
Spirilli: spiral shaped

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11
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Have large quantities of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Will stain deep purple

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12
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

Have small quantities of peptidoglycan with lipopolysaccharides
Will stain pink-red

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13
Q

Prokaryotic Division

A

Binary Fission.
The circular chromosome replicates and attaches to the cell wall, the plasma membrane and the cell wall grow along the midline, forming daughter cells.

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14
Q

rRNA is synthesized in:

A

The nucleolus

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15
Q

Microfilaments

A

hollow polymers of tubulin proteins that radiate throughout the cell providing primary pathways for motor proteins to carry vesicles

Ex: Kinesin, Dyenin

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16
Q

Centrioles

A

in the centromere, and are the organizing centres for the microtubules

17
Q

Intermediate Fillaments

A

diverse group of filamentous proteins that are often involved in cell to cell adhesion or maintaining the integrity of the cytoskeleton, also help anchor organelles in the cell

Ex: Keratin, Desmin, Lamins, Vimentin

18
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

cover the body and line its cavities providing protection, most constitute the parenchyma (functional ascpet)

19
Q

Connective Tissue

A

supports the body and provides framework for epithelial cells to work, contribute to the stroma or organs

20
Q

Archaea Genetic Material/Reproduction

A

Start translation with MET, associate DNA with histones, contain a single circular chromosome, divide via binary fission

21
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

require oxygen for metabloism

22
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

cannot survive in an oxygen containing environment

23
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

24
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

A

unable to use oxygen for metabolism but not harmed by it

25
Q

Prokaryote Flagella Structure

A

Contains:
Filament: hollow and helical, made of flagellin
Basal Body: anchors flagellum to membrane, motor
Hook: connects the filament and basal body

26
Q

Prokaryotic Genetic Recombination: Transformation

A

results from the integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome

27
Q

Prokaryotic Genetic Recombination: Conjugation

A

“sexual reproduction”

unidirectional transfer of genetic material from donor male (+) to the recipient female (-) via a conjugation bridge (formed with sex pili)

28
Q

Prokaryotic Genetic Recombination: Transduction

A

requires a vector to integrate new material into host genome

29
Q

Phases of Prokaryotic Growth

A

Lag Phase: adapt to new conditions
Exponential Phase: exponential growth
Stationary Phase: reproduction slows as resources become limited
Death Phase: after the population exceeds resources ability to support they die

30
Q

Viral Structure

A

genetic material, protein coat (capsid), and sometimes and envelope (lipids)

31
Q

Viral Genetic Material Structure

A

can be circular or linear, DS or SS, and composed of DNA or RNA

32
Q

Positive Sense Genetic Material

A

genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by host cells ribosomes

33
Q

Negative Sense Genetic Material

A

require synthesis of an RNA strand that is complementary to the negative sense RNA strand to be used as a template for protein synthesis

34
Q

Retrovirus

A

enveloped, SS RNA viruses that usually have 2 identical RNA molecules, they integrate their DNA into the host genome to indefinitely infect the cells

MCAT Biology (14 decks)

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