The Cell

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

contains all of the genetic material necessary for replication of the cell

Question 2

Mitochondrion

Answer 2

location of many metabolic processes and ATP production

Includes: pyruvate dehydrogenase, CAC, ETC, oxidative phosphorylation, B-oxidation, some of gluconeogenesis, urea cycle

Question 3

Lysosomes

Answer 3

membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates

Question 4

Rough ER

Answer 4

interconnected membranous structure with ribosomes studding the outside; site of synthesis of proteins destined for insertion into a membrane or secretion

Question 5

Smooth ER

Answer 5

interconnected membranous structure where lipid synthesis and detoxification occurs

Question 6

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 6

membrane bound sacs where the posttranslational modification of protein occurs

Question 7

Peroxisomes

Answer 7

organelle containing hydrogen peroxide; site of beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids

Question 8

Membrane Characteristics

Answer 8

Exterior: hydrophilic phosphate head groups
Interior: hydrophobic fatty acids
Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and embedded proteins

Question 9

Cell Theory

Answer 9

1. all living things are composed of cells
2. the cell is the basic functional unit of life
3. cells arise only from preexisting cells
4. cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA which is passed on from parent to daughter

Question 10

Prokaryotic Shape

Answer 10

Cocci: spherical
Bacilli: rod-shaped
Spirilli: spiral shaped

Question 11

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Answer 11

Have large quantities of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Will stain deep purple

Question 12

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Answer 12

Have small quantities of peptidoglycan with lipopolysaccharides
Will stain pink-red

Question 13

Prokaryotic Division

Answer 13

Binary Fission.
The circular chromosome replicates and attaches to the cell wall, the plasma membrane and the cell wall grow along the midline, forming daughter cells.

Question 14

rRNA is synthesized in:

Answer 14

The nucleolus

Question 15

Microfilaments

Answer 15

hollow polymers of tubulin proteins that radiate throughout the cell providing primary pathways for motor proteins to carry vesicles

Ex: Kinesin, Dyenin

Question 16

Centrioles

Answer 16

in the centromere, and are the organizing centres for the microtubules

Question 17

Intermediate Fillaments

Answer 17

diverse group of filamentous proteins that are often involved in cell to cell adhesion or maintaining the integrity of the cytoskeleton, also help anchor organelles in the cell

Ex: Keratin, Desmin, Lamins, Vimentin

Question 18

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 18

cover the body and line its cavities providing protection, most constitute the parenchyma (functional ascpet)

Question 19

Connective Tissue

Answer 19

supports the body and provides framework for epithelial cells to work, contribute to the stroma or organs

Question 20

Archaea Genetic Material/Reproduction

Answer 20

Start translation with MET, associate DNA with histones, contain a single circular chromosome, divide via binary fission

Question 21

Obligate Aerobes

Answer 21

require oxygen for metabloism

Question 22

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 22

cannot survive in an oxygen containing environment

Question 23

Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 23

can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

Question 24

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Answer 24

unable to use oxygen for metabolism but not harmed by it

Question 25

Prokaryote Flagella Structure

Answer 25

Contains: Filament: hollow and helical, made of flagellin Basal Body: anchors flagellum to membrane, motor Hook: connects the filament and basal body

Question 26

Prokaryotic Genetic Recombination: Transformation

Answer 26

results from the integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome

Question 27

Prokaryotic Genetic Recombination: Conjugation

Answer 27

"sexual reproduction" unidirectional transfer of genetic material from donor male (+) to the recipient female (-) via a conjugation bridge (formed with sex pili)

Question 28

Prokaryotic Genetic Recombination: Transduction

Answer 28

requires a vector to integrate new material into host genome

Question 29

Phases of Prokaryotic Growth

Answer 29

Lag Phase: adapt to new conditions Exponential Phase: exponential growth Stationary Phase: reproduction slows as resources become limited Death Phase: after the population exceeds resources ability to support they die

Question 30

Viral Structure

Answer 30

genetic material, protein coat (capsid), and sometimes and envelope (lipids)

Question 31

Viral Genetic Material Structure

Answer 31

can be circular or linear, DS or SS, and composed of DNA or RNA

Question 32

Positive Sense Genetic Material

Answer 32

genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by host cells ribosomes

Question 33

Negative Sense Genetic Material

Answer 33

require synthesis of an RNA strand that is complementary to the negative sense RNA strand to be used as a template for protein synthesis

Question 34

Retrovirus

Answer 34

enveloped, SS RNA viruses that usually have 2 identical RNA molecules, they integrate their DNA into the host genome to indefinitely infect the cells