Circulation

Question 1

Circulatory Pathway

Answer 1

Vena Cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary arteries - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - body

Question 2

Three Portal Systems

Answer 2

Liver- Hepatic
Kidney
Brain- Hypophyseal

Question 3

Foramen Ovale

Answer 3

Connects right and left atria, bypasses lungs

Question 4

Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 4

connects pulmonary artery to aorta, bypasses lungs

Question 5

Ductus Venosus

Answer 5

connects umbilical vien to inferior vena cava, bypasses liver

Question 6

Plasma

Answer 6

aqueous mixture of nutrients, wastes, hormones, blood proteins, gases, and salts

Question 7

Erythrocytes

Answer 7

aka Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen

Question 8

Hemoglobin

Answer 8

four subunits carry O2 and CO2, iron controls binding and releasing

Question 9

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve:

Factors that shift curve to the right

Answer 9

Increase in Temperature
Bohr Effect ( decrease pH, increase pressure of CO2)
O2 release to tissues enhanced when H+ allosterically binds to Hb (increase PCO2 leads to Increased [H])

Question 10

Leukocytes

Answer 10

aka White Blood Cells
function in immunity

Question 11

Platelets

Answer 11

Clotting
They release thromboplastin, which (along with cofactors calcium and vitamin K) converts inactive prothrombin to active thrombin.
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which surrounds blood cells to form the clot.

Question 12

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 12

right side of heart accepts deoxygenated blood from body and moves it to the lungs via pulmonary arteries

Question 13

Systemic Circulation

Answer 13

left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins and moves it to the body via aorta

Question 14

Tricuspid Valve

Answer 14

between right atria and right ventricle

Question 15

Bicuspid Valve

Answer 15

between left atria and left ventricle

Question 16

Pulmonary Valve

Answer 16

right ventricle and pulmonary circulation

Question 17

Aortic Valve

Answer 17

left ventricle and aorta (systemic circulation)

Question 18

Pathways of Electric Conduction of the Heart

Answer 18

SA node - AV node - bundle of His and branches - Purkinje fibers

Under autonomic control

Question 19

Systole

Answer 19

ventricular contraction and closure of AV valves occurs and blood is pumped out of ventricles

Question 20

Diastole

Answer 20

heart is relaxed and semilunar valves closed, blood from atria fills ventricles

Question 21

Cardiac Output Equation

Answer 21

CO = HR x SV

about 5L/min for humans

Question 22

Hematocrit

Answer 22

measure of how much of a blood sample consists of RBC’s

males: 41-53
females: 36-46

Question 23

Hemoglobin Measure

Answer 23

Males: 135-175
Females: 120-160

Question 24

A and B alleles of blood are:

Answer 24

codominant

Question 25

The O allele of blood is ______ to A and B

Answer 25

recessive

Question 26

RH Factor

Answer 26

refers to the presence or absence of allele D and is particularly important in maternal and fetal blood

Question 27

Rh+ fetuses

Answer 27

can experience erythroblastosis fetalis, which can be fatal

Question 28

BP is regulated by

Answer 28

baroreceptors, which detect changes in mechanical forces on the walls of the vessel

Question 29

Chemoreceptors in blood vessels

Answer 29

sense high osmolarity of blood, indicating dehydration

Question 30

Enzyme that Catalyzes the Bicarbonate Buffer System

Answer 30

Carbonic Anhydrase

Question 31

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 31

force that blood exerts on vessel wall (BP)

Question 32

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 32

“sucking” pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into bloodstream