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MCAT Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

G1

A

cell increases its organelles

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2
Q

S

A

DNA replication

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3
Q

G2

A

Cell increases its organelles

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4
Q

M

A

cell divides into two

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5
Q

Meiosis I

A

Two pairs of sister chromatids form tetrads during prophase 1
Crossing over leads to genetic recombination
Homologous chromosomes separate during metaphase !

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6
Q

Meiosis II

A

Essentially identical to mitosis, but no replication

Occurs in spermatogenesis and oogenesis

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7
Q

Four Stages of Early Development

A

Cleavage: mitotic divisions
Implantation: embryo implants during blastula stage
Gastrulation: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm form
Neurulation: germ layers develop a nervous system

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8
Q

Ectoderm

A

nervous system, epidermis, lens of eye, inner ear

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9
Q

Endoderm

A

lining of digestive tract, lungs, liver, pancreas

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10
Q

Mesoderm

A

muscle, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, kidney

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11
Q

Diploid vs Haploid

A

Diploid: 2n (46)
Haploid: n (23)

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12
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase + cytokinesis

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13
Q

Mitosis: Prophase

A

condensation of genetic material, centrioles move to poles and form spindle fibres, nuclear membrane dissolves

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14
Q

Mitosis: Metaphase

A

kinetichore fibres work with spindle fibres to align chromosomes at the metapheseal plate

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15
Q

Mitosis: Anaphase

A

centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides by shortening kinetochore fibres

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16
Q

Mitosis: Telophase and Cytokinesis

A

spindle apparatus dissapears, nuclear membranes form, and nucleoli reappear, chromosomes uncoil

separation of cytoplasm and organelles

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17
Q

Mitosis: Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Associated Proteins

A

G1/S: p53 (DNA check)

G2/M: p53 (size and # of organelles check)

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18
Q

Sperm is Produced in:

A

The seminiferous Tubules

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19
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Nourish Sperm

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20
Q

Pathway of Sperm

A 
SEVE(N) UP
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Urethra
Penis
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21
Q

spermatogonia

A

Male diploid stem cells

22
Q

Primary Spermocytes

A

after multiplication of genetic material, diploid

23
Q

Secondary Spermocytes

A

After first meiotic division, haploid

24
Q

Spermatids

A

after meiosis 2, haploid

25
Q

Primary Oocytes

A

all oogonia have undergone DNA replication and are considered primary oocytes by birth, stay arrested here until menstruation

26
Q

Secondary Oocytes

A

one primary oocyte per month completes meiosis 1 and becomes a secondary oocyte and a polar body, secondary oocyte remains arrested until fertilized

27
Q

Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

A

Follicular Phase: menstrual flow, and then beginning of endometrium lining regrowth
Ovulation: surge in LH induces ovulation
Luteal Phase: ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum
Menstruation: no fertilization, and lining sheds

28
Q

Indeterminate Cleavage

A

results in cells that can develop into complete organisms

29
Q

Determinate Cleavage

A

results in cells that fates are already determined

30
Q

Tropoblast Cells

A

surround blastocoel and create the chorion and placenta

31
Q

Inner Cell Mass fo Blastocoel

A

protrudes into the blastocoel and creates organism itself

32
Q

Umbilical Arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood and waste away from the embryo

33
Q

Umbilical Vein

A

carry oxygenated blood and nutrients to the embryo

34
Q

Ectoderm

A

outer most layer, gives rise to the integument, and nervous system

35
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle layer, gives rise to the musculoskeletal, circulatory, and excretory systems as well as the connective tissues and gonads

36
Q

Endoderm

A

inner most layer, forms epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts, as well as other organs

37
Q

Selective Transcription

A

only the genes needed for that cell type are transcribed

38
Q

Induction

A

the ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of other nearby cells

39
Q

Neuralation

A

notochord forms and induces nearby cells to make neural folds to form the neural tube

40
Q

CNS arises from

A

Neural tube

41
Q

PNS arises from

A

neural crest cells

42
Q

Determination

A

commitment of a cell to have a particular function in the future

43
Q

Differentiation

A

the actual changes that a cell undergoes to develop into a certain type of cell

44
Q

Totipotent Cells

A

can differentiate into anything

45
Q

Pluripotent Cells

A

can differentiate into anything except placental cells

46
Q

Multipotent cells

A

can differentiate into many cell types within a group

47
Q

Autocrine Signals

A

act on cells that produce them (local)

48
Q

Juxtacrine Signals

A

direct stimulation on adjacent cells

49
Q

Endocrine Signals

A

involve secreted hormones that travel to distant tissues (in bloodstream)

50
Q

Complete Regeneration

A

the lost or damaged tissues are replaced with identical tissues

51
Q

Incomplete Regeneration

A

newly formed tissue is not identical in structure or function

MCAT Biology (14 decks)

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