Reproduction

Question 1

G1

Answer 1

cell increases its organelles

Question 2

S

Answer 2

DNA replication

Question 3

G2

Answer 3

Cell increases its organelles

Question 4

M

Answer 4

cell divides into two

Question 5

Meiosis I

Answer 5

Two pairs of sister chromatids form tetrads during prophase 1
Crossing over leads to genetic recombination
Homologous chromosomes separate during metaphase !

Question 6

Meiosis II

Answer 6

Essentially identical to mitosis, but no replication

Occurs in spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Question 7

Four Stages of Early Development

Answer 7

Cleavage: mitotic divisions
Implantation: embryo implants during blastula stage
Gastrulation: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm form
Neurulation: germ layers develop a nervous system

Question 8

Ectoderm

Answer 8

nervous system, epidermis, lens of eye, inner ear

Question 9

Endoderm

Answer 9

lining of digestive tract, lungs, liver, pancreas

Question 10

Mesoderm

Answer 10

muscle, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, kidney

Question 11

Diploid vs Haploid

Answer 11

Diploid: 2n (46)
Haploid: n (23)

Question 12

Phases of Mitosis

Answer 12

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase + cytokinesis

Question 13

Mitosis: Prophase

Answer 13

condensation of genetic material, centrioles move to poles and form spindle fibres, nuclear membrane dissolves

Question 14

Mitosis: Metaphase

Answer 14

kinetichore fibres work with spindle fibres to align chromosomes at the metapheseal plate

Question 15

Mitosis: Anaphase

Answer 15

centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides by shortening kinetochore fibres

Question 16

Mitosis: Telophase and Cytokinesis

Answer 16

spindle apparatus dissapears, nuclear membranes form, and nucleoli reappear, chromosomes uncoil

separation of cytoplasm and organelles

Question 17

Mitosis: Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Associated Proteins

Answer 17

G1/S: p53 (DNA check)

G2/M: p53 (size and # of organelles check)

Question 18

Sperm is Produced in:

Answer 18

The seminiferous Tubules

Question 19

Sertoli Cells

Answer 19

Nourish Sperm

Question 20

Pathway of Sperm

Answer 20

SEVE(N) UP
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Urethra
Penis

Question 21

spermatogonia

Answer 21

Male diploid stem cells

Question 22

Primary Spermocytes

Answer 22

after multiplication of genetic material, diploid

Question 23

Secondary Spermocytes

Answer 23

After first meiotic division, haploid

Question 24

Spermatids

Answer 24

after meiosis 2, haploid

Question 25

Primary Oocytes

Answer 25

all oogonia have undergone DNA replication and are considered primary oocytes by birth, stay arrested here until menstruation

Question 26

Secondary Oocytes

Answer 26

one primary oocyte per month completes meiosis 1 and becomes a secondary oocyte and a polar body, secondary oocyte remains arrested until fertilized

Question 27

Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Answer 27

Follicular Phase: menstrual flow, and then beginning of endometrium lining regrowth Ovulation: surge in LH induces ovulation Luteal Phase: ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum Menstruation: no fertilization, and lining sheds

Question 28

Indeterminate Cleavage

Answer 28

results in cells that can develop into complete organisms

Question 29

Determinate Cleavage

Answer 29

results in cells that fates are already determined

Question 30

Tropoblast Cells

Answer 30

surround blastocoel and create the chorion and placenta

Question 31

Inner Cell Mass fo Blastocoel

Answer 31

protrudes into the blastocoel and creates organism itself

Question 32

Umbilical Arteries

Answer 32

carry deoxygenated blood and waste away from the embryo

Question 33

Umbilical Vein

Answer 33

carry oxygenated blood and nutrients to the embryo

Question 34

Ectoderm

Answer 34

outer most layer, gives rise to the integument, and nervous system

Question 35

Mesoderm

Answer 35

middle layer, gives rise to the musculoskeletal, circulatory, and excretory systems as well as the connective tissues and gonads

Question 36

Endoderm

Answer 36

inner most layer, forms epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts, as well as other organs

Question 37

Selective Transcription

Answer 37

only the genes needed for that cell type are transcribed

Question 38

Induction

Answer 38

the ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of other nearby cells

Question 39

Neuralation

Answer 39

notochord forms and induces nearby cells to make neural folds to form the neural tube

Question 40

CNS arises from

Answer 40

Neural tube

Question 41

PNS arises from

Answer 41

neural crest cells

Question 42

Determination

Answer 42

commitment of a cell to have a particular function in the future

Question 43

Differentiation

Answer 43

the actual changes that a cell undergoes to develop into a certain type of cell

Question 44

Totipotent Cells

Answer 44

can differentiate into anything

Question 45

Pluripotent Cells

Answer 45

can differentiate into anything except placental cells

Question 46

Multipotent cells

Answer 46

can differentiate into many cell types within a group

Question 47

Autocrine Signals

Answer 47

act on cells that produce them (local)

Question 48

Juxtacrine Signals

Answer 48

direct stimulation on adjacent cells

Question 49

Endocrine Signals

Answer 49

involve secreted hormones that travel to distant tissues (in bloodstream)

Question 50

Complete Regeneration

Answer 50

the lost or damaged tissues are replaced with identical tissues

Question 51

Incomplete Regeneration

Answer 51

newly formed tissue is not identical in structure or function