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Biology 1 > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of molecules across a membrane which REQUIRES ENERGY (LOW-HIGH)

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2
Q

Passive Transport

A

Requires NO ENERGY only random motion of molecules

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3
Q

Basic Principles of Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms consist of one or more cells.
  2. Cell is the basic unit of structure of all organisms.
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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4
Q

Browning Movement

A

The driving force for all forms of passive transport. It is the random movement of molecules due to KINETIC ENERGY.

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of any substance from HIGH-LOW concentration

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6
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The SHRINKAGE of the CELL MEMBRANE from the cell wall. Osmotic water loss by plant cells.

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7
Q

Surface to Volume Ratio

A

Determines the rate things move across the cell membrane into the cell is the amount of surface are of the cell exposes to the environment in proportion to the volume of the cell.

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8
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

A system in a steady state since forward reaction and backward reaction occur at the same rate

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9
Q

Osmosis

A

Is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane.

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10
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The shrinkage of the plant cell membrane from the cell wall.
-This occurs due to water loss when a cell is placed in a HYPERTONIC SOLUTION.

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11
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

The pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall.

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12
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

Are cells whose DNA is not enclosed within a nucleus. Single-celled organisms, which include bacteria and archaeans. They are able to live and thrive in various types of environments including extreme habitats.

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13
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

A

CAPSULE- additional outer covering protects the cell when its engulfed by other organisms
CELL WALL- Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacteria cell and gives shape
CYTOPLASM- A gel-like substance composed mainly of H20 that also contains enzymes, salt, cell compounds, and various organic molecules.
CELL/PLASMA MEMBRANE- Surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm and regulates flow of substances in and ouf of cell
PILI- Hair-like structures on the surface of cell that attach to other bacterial cells.
FLAGELLA- Long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion.
RIBOSOMES- Cell structures responsible for protein production.
PLASMIDS- Gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.
NUCLEIOD REGION- Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.

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14
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Are cells whose primary complement of DNA is enclosed within a nucleus. Cell more complex than their counterparts, prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells make up all fungi, animals, plants, and protists such as amoeba.

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15
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

A

Nucleus- control center
Plasma Membrane- separates the inside from the outside of cell.
Cytoplasm- mixture of organic and inorganic materials
Cytoskeleton- Maintains cells shape and protects
Cilia and Flagella- External appendages of the plasma membrane aid in locomotion of cell.
Ribosomes- Making proteins under the instruction of DNA
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts- Create ATP energy.

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Is a framework of proteins, such as actin and keratin, which help hold a cell together and differentiate its organelles.

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17
Q

Which of these does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?

A

pH level

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18
Q

Pinocytosis vesicles or phagocytosis vesicles often fuse with a _____ inside the cell for digestion.

A

Lysosome.

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19
Q

Which process will transport sodium ions to the outside of the cell and potassium ions to the inside of the cell?

A

Active Transport

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20
Q

Which of the following conditions does NOT apply to facilitated transport?

A

Requires the expenditure of energy

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21
Q

Which organelle in a plant cell fills with water as turgor pressure develops?

A

Central Vacuole

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22
Q

Tonicity refers to the___

A

Strength of a solution in relationship to osmosis.

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23
Q

Suppose a thistle tube containing a 10% sugar solution is covered at one end by a differentially permeable membrane and is place in a beaker containing a 5% sugar solution. What will happen to the water?

A

More water will enter the thistle tube than leave the thistle tube.

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24
Q

If a particular protein was identified in the plasma membrane to cause organ transplant rejection, such a protein would be considered a ___ protein.

A

Cell-Recognition

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25
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an animal plasma membrane?
Responsible for the synthesis of ATP
26
Hypertonic
More solute, less solvent (H2O).
27
Hypotonic
Less concentration of solute, more of solvent (H2O).
28
Isotonic
Same concentration of solute and solvent
29
What passes through a plasma membrane by way of diffusion?
Carbon dioxide, water, oxygen.
30
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
Plant cells have CELL WALLS, CHLOROPLASTS, AND HAS ONE LARGE VACUOLE TAKING 90% OF CELL VOLUME. Animal cells don't have cell walls, chloroplast, and has one or more vacuoles (smaller than plant cells)
31
Organelle
The structure within a cell. Found only in eukaryotic cells.
32
Why is a contractile vacuole important to the survival of paramecium?
Helps get rid of excess water that diffused into the cell from the environment. The environment of paramecium is hypotonic and that means water will diffuse from the outside to the inside of the cell.
33
As a cell increases in size, its surface area ____ in size.
Increases.
34
What are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Both have DNA and RIBOSOMES.
35
The plasma membrane of cells consist of a ___ bilayer.
Phospholipid
36
What is the function of a bacterial wall?
to give structure
37
What is the function of the capsule?
Attachment to surface, protection against phagocytic engulfment, occasionally killing or digestion, reserve of nutrients or protection against desiccation.
38
What is the region of DNA called in a prokaryotic cell?
Nucleoid
39
The term "eukaryotic" refers to which structure in the cell?
Membrane
40
Eukaryotic cells are distinguished from prokaryotic cells based on the presence of membrane-bound ___, such as chloroplast and mitochondria.
Nucleus
41
What cellular structure is the site of protein synthesis?
Ribosome
42
The endomembrane system includes the ___ ___, which includes both "rough" and "smooth" types, and consists of membranous channels and saccules.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
43
What is the function of a lysosome?
Recycles the raw material of the cell. One function is the digestion of lipids, carbs, protein into small molecules.
44
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Food making structure, creates glucose. | Converts the sun's energy to chemical energy which can be used to fuel chemical reactions in the cell.
45
What is the function of mitochondria?
The production of energy in the form of ATP
46
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
``` ACTIVE= Requires Energy PASSIVE= No Energy ```
47
What is the relationship of surface area to volume in cells?
Single celled organisms have a high surface are to volume ration, which allows them to rely on oxygen and material diffusion into the cell in order to survive. The higher the SA:Volume ration they have the more effective the process can be.
48
Functions of Organelles
``` They carry out specialized functions. NUCLEUS MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST LYSOSOMES GOLGI COMPLEX ```
49
What is the relationship between nucleus and ribosomes?
The components of the ribosomes are first assembled in the nucleus. The nucleus contains the instructions for protein synthesis by the ribosomes.
50
Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes.
51
Mitochondria are found in___
Both plant and animal cells.
52
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?
central vacuole-storage
53
What is the function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes are used by the cells, in RNA translation, for protein synthesis.
54
What are the energy-related organelles and their functions?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts, they supply molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which power the process of life and growth.
55
What are the components and functions of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules- move vesicles, granules, organelles and chromosomes via special attachment proteins. Microfilaments- Provide structural support Intermediate Filaments- structural and functional.
56
What are the functions of cilia and flagella?
are hairlike organelles that branch out from the surface of the cell, where they help in the movement.
57
What is the function of the plant cell wall?
It maintains the shape, provides structural strength, it protects plant cell from mechanical injury and from pathogens, and provides a path way for exchange of materials between two adjacent cells.
58
Which polysaccharide is the primary component of cells walls?
Cellulose
59
Beside cell walls, how else are plant cells distinctly different from animal cells?
shape= animal is more round and plant is more rectangular Chloroplast is only present in plants Vacuole is larger and only has one in plants
60
Nucleus
Information center of the cell, holds most of the cells genetic info and controls most actions DNA, CHROMATIC, CHROMOSOMES
61
Vesicle
Moves protein, lipids and carb
62
Golgi Body
Carries proteins within the cell or out of the cell
63
Vacuoles
Membrane-bound compartment within some eukaryotic cells that can serve a variety of secretory, excretory, and storage functions.
64
Cytoplasm
Where all chemicals take place
65
Golgi Apparatus
Synthesis packages and releases concentrate proteins or lipids.
66
Nucleolus
Site of ribosome synthesis RNA It's inside the nucleus
67
Contractile Vacuole
Pump water out of cell
68
Cytoskeleton
Supports structure and helps move synthesized proteins
69
Cell Membrane
Separates cell contents from the environment
70
Centrioles
For cellular division and cellular reproduction.

Biology 1 (7 decks)

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