Lab 5 (Cellular Respiration and Metabolic Rates) Flashcards
Ectotherm
An animal whose body does not produce much internal heat. (Cold-Blooded)
Endotherm
An animal whose body regulates and controls its own body temperature by controlling the internal heat it produces. (Warm-Blooded)
Cellular Respiration
The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP.
Fermentation
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product (ex. ethyl alcohol & lactic acid)
Aerobic Respiration
A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen (O2) and organic molecules, producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms.
Oxidation
The loss of electrons form a substance involved in a redox reaction.
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that can accept an electron and acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain.
Glycolysis
The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.
Kerbs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cels and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; the second major stage in cellular respiration.
Redox Reactions
(REDUCTION-OXIDATION)
-Molecules that lose electrons in redox reactions are said to have been oxidized.
-Molecules that gain electrons are said to have been reduced.
•LEO= Lose Electrons ≥ Oxidized
•GER= Gain Electrons ≥ Reduced
Cellular Respiration Stages
- Glycolysis
- Preparatory Reaction
- Kerbs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Location of 4 stages in Cellular Respiration.
- Glycolysis
•Occurs in the cytoplasm - Intermediate/Transition Step
•Within the mitochondria Matrix.
3.Kerbs Cycle
•Within the mitochondria Matrix
- Electron Transport Chain
•inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria
What happens in the Glycolysis stage?
The splitting of glucose into two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvic acid).
What happens in the Preparatory Reaction stage?
Divides each 3-carbon molecules into a 2-carbon molecule and CO2 (carbon dioxide)
What happens in the Kerbs Cycle stage?
Produces CO2, NADH, FADH2 and ATP.
What happens in the Electron Transport Chain stage?
Most ATP is produced using electrons extracted from glucose.
Summary of Glycolysis
- One glucose (6-C) ≥Two pyruvic acid (3-C)
- 2 NADH formed to be used later in the ETC
- A net of 2 ATP molecules produced
Preparatory Reaction Summary
- 2 pyruvi acid (3C) > 2 Acetyl-CoA (2C)
- 2 CO2 released
- 2 NADH formed to be used later in the ETC
- No ATP molecules produced in this step.
Kerbs Cycle Summary
- Turns twice for each glucose molecule
- 2 acetyl-CoA > 4 CO2
- 6 NADH - to the ETC
- 2 FADH2 - to the ETC
- 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain summary
- Occurs in the cristae (inner membrane) of the mitochondria
- NADH and FADH2 are oxidized by carries (membrane proteins) in the ETC.
- The components of the ETC (membrane proteins) accept electrons carried and released by NADH and FADH2.
- The “final electron acceptor” in the ETC is oxygen. Oxygen accepts electrons and two hydrogen atoms to form water.
Summary of Cellular Respiration (AEROBIC)
- 1 Glucose (C6 H12 O6) > 6 CO2 + 6 H2O •Total of 38 AT molecules are produced ---2 from glycolysis ---2 from Kerb's Cycle ---34 ATP from NADH and FADH2 to the ETC •2 ATP are used to shuttle NADH electrons from cytoplasm into mitochondria. •Net of 36 ATP per one glucose molecule.
Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 > 6 H20 + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP (ENERGY) + HEAT
Heat temperature of an animal equation
body temp (body heat) = heat produced (by metabolism) + heat gained - heat lost (to and from the environment)
