Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 168 > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells

A

Perform all life’s functions. 200 kinds of cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Somatic cells

A

All body cells except sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sex cells

A

Germ cells. Reproductive cells. Male sperm. Female oocytes (eggs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Keep internal environment distinct from outside environment. Transport materials in and out of cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Cannot happen passively. Requires mechanism. Mechanism powered by chemical breakdown of ATP to ADP and phosphate or down concentration gradient of regions with high concentration to low concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Double layer of phospholipid molecules. Hydrophilic heads-toward watery environment on both sides.
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails-inside membrane.
Barrier to ions and water soluble compounds.
Membrane lipids are 75% phospholipid, 20% cholesterol, 5% glycolipid…helps form glycocalyx. 2% is protein but makes up 50% of weight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Integral proteins-within membrane, transmembrane proteins penetrate all the way through.
Peripheral proteins-inner or outer surface of the membrane.
2% of cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

6 functions of membrane proteins

A

Anchoring proteins(stabilizers)-attach to inside or outside of structures.
Recognition proteins(identifiers)-label cells normal or abnormal.
Enzymes-catalyze reactions.
Receptor proteins-bond and respond to ligands (ions,hormones)
Carrier proteins-transport specific solutes through membrane.
Channels-regulate water flow and dilutes through membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus.
Cytosol(fluid)-dissolved materials; nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products.
Organelles-structures with specific functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of Organelles

A

Nonmembranous-no membrane; direct contact with cytosol.

Membranous-covered with plasma membrane; isolated from cytosol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of nonmembraneous organelles

A

Cytoskeleton; microvilli; cilia; ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

6 types of membraneous organelles

A

Endoplasmic reticulum(ER); Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondrias; nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase surface area for absorption.

Attach to cytoskeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of 3 types of fiber.
Structure, support, anhorage, and shape.
Allows cell to move in the environment and mediates movement of cell components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microtubes

A

Largest component of cytoskeleton; act like bones.
Train tracks for transport vesicles to move along.
Form centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
Intermediate filaments.
Tough filaments made of keratin; resist tension.
Microfilaments-smallest component;made of actin; act like muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mitochondrial function

A

Mitochondrial takes chemical energy from food (glucose); produces energy molecule ATP.
Powerhouse of cell.
Aerobic metabolism- cellular respiration; mitochondria use oxygen to break down food and produce ATP.
Have own DNA and ribosomes.
Act like a digestive system.
Biochemical processes known and cellular respiration.

17
Q

The reaction

A

Glucose+oxygen+ADP=carbon dioxide +water+ATP.

18
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

A network within the cytoplasm.
Cisternae-storage chambers within membranes.
Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Storage of synthesized molecules and materials.
Transport of materials within the ER.
Detoxification of drugs or toxins.

19
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Puts the finishing touches on proteins and glycoproteins.
Packages finished proteins into vesicles for efficient delivery in the cell.
Resembles stacked pita bread.
Mammalian cell-produces insulin.

20
Q

Cell membrane barrier

A

Nutrients must get in; products and waste must get out.

21
Q

Permeability

A

Determines what moves in and out.
A membrane that lets nothing in and nothing out is impermeable. A membrane that lets anything pass is freely permeable. A membrane that restricts movement is selectively permeable(allows some to move freely but restricts other materials.)

22
Q

Restricted Materials

A

Selective permeability restricts materials based on size, electrical charge, molecular shape, lipid solubility.

23
Q

Transport Through Membrane

A

Active:requires energy and ATP
Passive: no energy required
3 categories of transport: diffusion(passive); carrier-mediated transport(passive or active); vesicular transport(active)

24
Q

Solutions a

A

All molecules in constant motion; molecule in solution move randomly; random motion causes mixing.

25
Q

Concentration Gradients

A

Concentration is the amount of solute in a solvent. Concentration gradient: more solute in one part of a solvent than another.
Diffusion: molecules mix randomly. Solute spreads through solvent. Eliminates concentration gradient. Region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration.

26
Q

Diffusion of Concentration Gradient

A

Distance the particle has to move.
Molecule size: smaller is faster.
Temperature: more heat, faster motion.
Gradient size: different between high and low.
Electrical forces: opposites attract, like charges repel.
Can be simple or channel mediated.

27
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Materials which diffuse through cell membrane are:

Lipid-soluble compounds(alcohol, fatty acids, and steroids)

28
Q

Channel-Mediated Diffusion

A

Materials which pass through transmembrane proteins(channels):
Are water soluble compounds.
Are ions.
Passage depends on size, charge, and interaction with the channel.

29
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across the cell membrane. From area of more water to area of less water. Selectively permeable membrane.

30
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Is the force of a concentration gradient of water. Equals the force(hydrostatic pressure) needed to block osmosis.

31
Q

Tonicity

A

The osmotic effect of a solute on a cell:

  • Isotonic
  • Hypotonic
  • Hypertonic
32
Q

Isotonic Solutions

A

A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell.

33
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Has less solutes. Loses water through osmosis; water moves from a solution that has more water to a solution that has less water following a concentration gradient.
Shrinks(cremation of red blood cells).

34
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Gains water; ruptures(hemolysis of red blood cells).

Has more solutes; gains water by osmosis.

Bio 168 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions